Table 1.

Traditional and folk medical usage of Senna species.

Senna species	Country/culture	Part of plant	Internal usage	External usage	Ref
Senna alata (L.) Roxb.	Bangladesh	Leaves	Helminthiasis	Ringworm, eczema	[37, 38]
	Benin Republic	Whole plant	Diabetes	—	[12]
	Bolivia	Root, leaves	Malaria, salmonella, fever, cold	Bath	[39]
	Brazil	Root, whole plant, flower, leaves	Flu, cough, malaria	Ringworms, scabies, blotch, eczema, tinea infections	[12, 40]
	Cameroon	Stem, bark, leaves	Gastroenteritis, hepatitis	Ringworm, dermal infections	[12]
	China	Stem, bark, leaves seed, root, leaves, flower, whole plant	Intestinal parasitosis, helminthiasis, diabetes, uterus disorder, asthma, constipation, fungal infections, poor eyesight diabetes	—	[12]
	Cuba	Whole plant	Diabetes	—	[41]
	Egypt	Leaves	Constipation	—	[12]
	Ghana	Whole plant	Diabetes	—	[12]
	Guatemala	Whole plant flower, leaves	Flu, malaria	Ringworms, tinea infections scabies, eczema, blotch	[12]
	Guinea	Whole plant flower, leaves	Flu, malaria	Ringworms, scabies, blotch, eczema, tine infections	[12]
	India	Stem, bark, leaves, seed, root leaves, flower the whole plant, leaves	Diabetes, hemorrhoids, inguinal hernia, intestinal parasitosis, syphilis, uterus disorder, helminthiasis constipation, fungal infection diabetes	Skin diseases, ringworm	[12, 42]
	Nigeria	Stem, leaves, root whole plant	Constipation, diarrhoea, respiratory tract infection, body and abdominal pain, stress, convulsion, diabetes	Wound, skin diseases, burns, toothache, dermal infections	[12]
	Philippines	Stem, bark, leaves seed, root leaves, flower leaves	Hemorrhoids, inguinal hernia, syphilis, intestinal parasitosis, diabetes, uterus disorder, helminthiasis, constipation, fungal infections	Skin diseases, wound	[12, 43]
	Sierra Leone	Leaves	Abortion pain, facilitate delivery	—	[12]
	Thailand	Leaves	Constipation, flatulence, inflammation	Abscesses, wounds, ringworm, itching	[33, 44]
	Togo	Whole plant	Diabetes	—	[12]
Senna alexandrina Mill.	Cyprus	Fruit	Constipation	—	[45]
	Djibouti	Leaves	Constipation, injuries	Skin diseases	[46]
	Egypt	Leaves	Constipation	—	[47]
	Pakistan	Leaves, pod	Constipation, rheumatism, backache, asthma, anaemia typhoid fever, jaundice, pneumonia, leprosy	Wound, pimples	[48]
	Qatar	Leaves	Constipation, stomach cramps	—	[49]
	Sudan	Leaves, fruits	Constipation, git-disorders	—	[50]
	Thailand	Leaf pod	Constipation stomach pain	—	[33]
	UAE	Leaves	Constipation, stomach cramps	—	[49]
Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb.	India	Flower leaves	Diabetes	—	[51]
Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby	South Africa	Leaves	Blood coagulation	—	[52]
Senna fruticosa (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby	Panama	Stem, leaves	—	Body ache	[53]
Senna garrettiana (Craib) H.S.Irwin & Barneby	Thailand	Heartwood	Constipation, cough, emmenagogue	—	[33]
Senna hirsuta (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby	Thailand	Debarked stem	Fever, muscle spasm, poisoning, drunkenness	—	[33, 44]
Senna italica Mill.	Bahrain	Leaves, seed	Constipation, stomach cramps	—	[49]
	Djibouti	Leaves	Constipation	—	[46]
	Egypt	Leaves	Constipation, bacterial infection, tumors	—	[47]
	Iran	Leaves	Constipation, obesity, hemorrhoids	—	[54]
	Pakistan	Leaves	Backache joints pain, headache, migraine	—	[55]
	Qatar	Leaves, seed	Constipation, stomach cramps	—	[49]
	Saudi Arabia	Leaves, seed	Constipation, stomach cramps	—	[49]
	UAE	Leaves, seed	Constipation, stomach cramps	—	[49]
Senna multiglandulosa (Jacq.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby	Peru	Not specified	—	Wound disinfectant agent	[56]
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link	Bolivia	Root, seed	Dysentery	Bath, ringworm	[39]
	Cuba	Not specified	Liver pain, rheumatism, arthrosis, catarrh, muscular pain, hemorrhoids, pneumonia, venereal diseases, impotence	—	[41]
	Guatemala	Leaves, aerial part	Fever, measles, chickenpox	—	[57]
	India	Leaves, root seed	Respiratory diseases, cough, constipation, malaria, diabetes, indigestion, urinary disorder	Skin problems, skin disorders, pimples	[42, 58, 59]
	Tanzania	Root	Spasms, malaria, helminthiasis	—	[60]
	Thailand	Leaves, fruit	Diarrhoea	—	[44]
	Uganda	Leaves	Malaria	—	[35]
Senna petersiana (Bolle) Lock	Eastern Africa	Not specified	Flatulence	—	[61]
	Tropical Africa	Not specified	Constipation, gonorrhoea	—	[61]
	South Africa	Seed	Venereal diseases, infertility constipation, gonorrhoea	—	[61, 62]
Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby	Thailand	Leaves, flower	Constipation, insomnia hypertension	—	[33, 44]
Senna singueana (Delile) Lock	Sudan	Root	Constipation	—	[63]
	Tanzania	Root	Diabetes	—	[64]
Senna sophera (L.) Roxb.	Bangladesh	Leaves root	Dyspepsia, asthma, bronchitis, hiccup, gonorrhoea dyspepsia	—	[37, 38, 65]
	India	Bark	Respiratory disorders	—	[42]
Senna timoriensis (DC.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby	Thailand	Heartwood	Stimulate menstruation	—	[33]
Senna tora (L.) Roxb.	China	Not specified	Stomach disorders, liver diseases, poor eyesight, weakness, diuretic	—	[66]
	Thailand	Seed leaves	Constipation, urethral stones, diuretic, constipation, insomnia	—	[33, 44]
	India	Seed leaves		Rheumatic swelling and pain, skin diseases	[42, 67]
Senna uniflora (Mill.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby	Cuba	Not specified	Bleeding, rheumatism, arthrosis	—	[41]