Table 1.
Summary of study design and results.
| Author and Date | Mental illness | Sample size | Vaccine | Time of measurements | Relevant biomarker | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ford et al. (2019) | MDD: current/cMDD and remitted/rMDD Bipolar Disorder: BD Type I and II, and NOS (Not otherwise specified) Criteria: DSM-IV-TR |
cMDD (n = 85) rMDD (n = 82) BD (n = 64) Controls (n = 202) |
Measles vaccine (specifics varied and were not disclosed). | Unknown; years after childhood vaccination | Antibodies | cMDD and rMDD were less likely to test seropositive for measles (p = 0.015, adj OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.74–2.37). BD: did not differ from HC (p = 0.329) or cMDD (0.355) or rMDD (0.449) |
|
Cassiers et al. (2019) |
Remitted MDD (rMDD), including Moderate-to-severe recurrent MDD without psychotic features Criteria: DSM-IV-TR Most recent depressive episode was within 24 months, but stable for the past 3 months |
rMDD (n = 21) Controls (n = 18) |
Typhoid vaccine (0.5 mL containing 23 ug Salmonella typhi capsular polysaccharide; Typhim Vi; Sanofi Pasteur MSD, Diegem, Belgium) Placebo: 0.5 mL NaCl, 0.9% |
Baseline and 30, 60, 90, 150, 180, 240, 360 min post-vaccine | Proinflammatory cytokines: interferon (IFN)-y, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, and interleukin (IL)−6 | Trauma was associated w lower TNF-a after vaccination for rMDD but not HC (suggests a "trauma-associated MDD endophenotype"). Found no effects of trauma on IL-6 and IFN-y in rMDD or HC after statistical correction. |
| Niemegeers et al. (2016) | Moderate-to-severe recurrent MDD without psychotic features, currently in (partial) remission Criteria: DSM-IV-TR |
MDD (n = 21) Controls (n = 18) |
Typhoid vaccine (0.5 mL containing 25 μg S. t yphi capsular polysaccharide; Typhim ® Vi; Sanofi Pasteur MSD, Diegem, Belgium). Placebo: 0.5 mL NaCl, 0.9% |
Baseline and after vax, then 30, 60, 90, 150, 180, 240, 360 min post-vaccine | Proinflammatory cytokines: interferon (IFN)-y, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, and interleukin (IL)−6 | No significant difference in increased inflammatory measures from vaccine alone; some changes were measured only if patients underwent vaccine and psychosocial stressor. IFN-y only increased in patients after TSST (psychosocial stress) and vaccine together, but not after any individual intervention. TNF-a and IL-6 were not different between HC and MDD. |
| Hussar et al. (1971) | Schizophrenia (SCZ) SCZ types: 11 paranoid, 7 hebephrenic, 2 catatonic, 1 undifferentiated Criteria: American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic Manual |
SCZ (n = 21) Controls (n = 16) |
First injection: 0.5 cc. of concentrated diphtheria toxoid Second injection: 0.5 cc. diphtheria toxoid (30 days after 1st injection) |
Prior to injections, and at 10th, 20th, 35th, 45th, and 60th day after 1st injection | Antibodies | No statistical difference between SCZ and controls (t-test: p > 0.05). |
|
Friedman et al. (1967) |
Schizophrenia (SCZ) and Depression* (DEP) *whether all depressed subjects had a diagnosis of depression is unclear. |
SCZ (n = 10) DEP (n = 22) Controls (n = 7) |
0.5 cc of cholera vaccine (India strains) | Day 1 (day of injection), 4, 6, 8, 10 Note: Some subjects were also measured on day 12 and 15, if possible. |
Antibodies | No significant difference before day 8. SCZ had higher titers than controls on day 8, 10, 15 (and higher than DEP on day 8, 10, 12). No significant differences between controls and DEP. Antibody levels were highest in SCZ but lowest in DEP. |
| Solomon et al. (1968) | Schizophrenia (SCZ) Non-SCZ psychiatric disorders (neurotic, affective, character, or substance-related disorders) |
SCZ (n = 13) non-SCZ psychiatric patients (n = 13) Controls (n = 6) |
Booster dose of tetanus toxoid (0.5 ml of aluminum hydroxide adsorbed toxoid) | Baseline, 2, 4, 7, 14 days after vaccine | Antibodies (antitoxins) | SCZ and HC were nearly identical before and after vaccination. Non-SCZ psychiatric patients had somewhat lower measurements but not statistically significant. |
| Wang et al. (2016) | Schizophrenia (SCZ) Criteria: DSM-IV-TR |
SCZ (n = 415) Controls (n = 3038) |
Hepatitis-B vaccine (unknown specifics but vaccination records were requested from all subjects). | Unknown; years after childhood vaccination | Hep B surface antigens (HBsAg), Hep B surface antibodies (HBsAb) | HBsAg showed significant differences between groups, but HBsAb had no significant differences. SCZ were more at risk for HBV infection even after vaccination. |
| Vaughan et al. (1949) | Schizophrenia (SCZ) Subtypes of Dementia Praecox: paranoid (5), catatonic (4), hebephrenic (6), simple (2), other (5) |
SCZ (n = 22) Controls (n = 17) |
Plain Pertussis Vaccine (4 weeks of injections) 1 cc for week 1, 2 cc for weeks 2–4. (Total: 7 cc of vaccine.) |
Weekly for 8 weeks | Antibodies | SCZ had significantly lower antibody response than controls. |
| Armstrong-Esther et al. (1978) | Anorexia nervosa (AN) Types: vomiting, and carbohydrate-abstaining |
AN (n = 15) Controls (n = 15) |
0.5 ml of Admune influenza vaccine; contains: A/England/42/72, 400 i.u., A/Port Chalmers/1/73, 400 i.u., and A/Hong Kong/1/68, 360 i.u. Also administered 0.1 ml tuberculin purified derivative (PPD) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. |
Baseline, 10th and 28th day after vaccine. Final test on day 50 (measure haemag antibody titre and CIR to tuberculin) On day 48, tested for tuberculin; 48 h later, examine injury site to measure/record reactive zone |
Antibodies and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) against tuberculin | 8 patients (53%) and 10 controls (6%) were positive for tuberculin. Control titres were higher than AN by day 10, but AN titres were higher than controls on day 28 and 50 in all 3 strains, with 1 of the 3 strains being statistically significant. |
| Zastrow et al. (2012) | Anorexia nervosa (AN) Subtypes: 2 F with purging subtype (ANp); the other 8 had restrictive subtype (ANr) |
AN (n = 10) | Adjuvanted Influenza A virus H1N1 subtype (Pandemrix, GlaxoSmithKline, Rixensart, Belgium). Contains 375 lg of hemagglutinin antigen derived from influenza virus A(H1N1) California/7/2009. |
Baseline, 2 weeks and 3 weeks post-vaccine | Antibodies | AN's H1N1 vaccine was sufficiently immunogenic and safe. The seroconversion and seroprotection rates were comparable with the healthy rates of 100%. |
| Taylor et al. (2017) | Insomnia Types: 67.7% sleep onset insomnia, 24.6% maintenance insomnia, and 20% terminal insomnia (>=3 nights/week) Criteria: DSM-IV and DSM-5 |
Insomnia (n = 65) Controls (n = 68) |
Influenza Novartis Fluvirin preparation of the influenza vaccine; 2011–2012 contained A/California/7/2009 (H1N1), A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2), and B/Brisbane/60/2009 virus 2012–2013 contained: A/California/7/09 (H1N1), A/Victoria/361/2011 (H3N2), and B/Wisconsin/1/2010 |
Baseline and 4 weeks after vaccine | Antibodies | Lower overall HI antibody count in insomnia both at baseline and at 4 weeks post-vaccine. Statistically significant difference was found for H3N2 strain in both years, and for B strain in 2012–2013. |
| Dopp et al. (2007) | Moderate-to-severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA); untreated | OSA (n = 14) Controls (n = 17) |
Influenza 2004–2005 or 2005–2006 vaccine | Baseline and 2–4 weeks after vaccine. | Antibodies | No significant differences were observed in changes in antibody concentration, frequencies of seroconversion, or rates of seroprotection between subjects with OSA and control subjects. |
| Kosor Krnic et al. (2007) | Combat-related chronic PTSD | PTSD (n = 28) Controls (n = 15) |
Agrippal (Chiron, Italy) influenza vaccine Contains: influenza A (A/New Caledonia/H1N1-like, A/Moscow/H3N2-like), and B (B/Hong Kong/-like, B/Shangdong-like) purified antigens |
Baseline and 14 days after | Antibodies | Mean fold increase in titers did not differ significantly between groups. HC had lower seroconversion rate to A/Moscow/H3N2. Seroconversion and seroprotection rates were similar for all strains in both groups. |