Table 2.

Summary of findings

Prognostic value of preoperative osteopenia in patients with digestive cancers
Patients: patients with digestive cancers, Exposure: Osteopenia, Comparison: Non-osteopenia
Outcomes	Relative effect (95% CI)	Patient number (studies)	Certainty of the evidence (GRADE)	Comments
Overall survival for osteopenia	HR 2.02 (1.47 to 2.78)	2230 (11 studies)	Low a,b	Osteopenia may reduce overall survival.
Recurrent-free survival for osteopenia	HR 1.96 (1.36 to 2.81)	2037 (10 studies)	Low a,b	Osteopenia may reduce recurrent-free survival.
Overall survival for sarcopenia	HR 1.73 (1.26 to 2.38)	1665 (8 studies)	Moderate a	Sarcopenia likely reduce overall survival.

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence; High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimated effect. Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the estimated effect. The true effect is likely to be close to the estimated effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different. Low certainty: Our confidence in the estimated effect is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimated effect. Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the estimated effect. The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimated effect

Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio

^aDowngraded one point as inconsistency due to substantial heterogeneity

^bDowngraded one point as publication bias due to high publication bias