Table 6.

Non-contrast scan mean VFA paired differences (comparison range–reference range) raw (${\mu }_d$) and as percent of overall mean reference range value (${\mu }_r$).

		HU range	Female					Male
			n	μr	μd	μd.μr	P	n	μd.μr	μd	μd.μr	P
VFA (cm2)	T10	− 150 to − 50 HU	283	55.6	− 3.0	− 5.3	0.000	165	97.1	− 4.3	− 4.4	0.000
		− 190 to − 30 HU	283	55.6	11.9	21.4	0.000	165	97.1	16.5	17.0	0.000
		− 195 to − 45 HU	283	55.6	2.9	5.3	0.000	165	97.1	4.1	4.2	0.000
		− 250 to − 50 HU	283	55.6	2.7	4.9	0.000	165	97.1	3.5	3.6	0.000
	T11	− 150 to − 50 HU	814	53.9	− 2.0	− 3.7	0.000	494	109.6	− 3.3	− 3.0	0.000
		− 190 to − 30 HU	814	53.9	11.9	22.0	0.000	494	109.6	17.3	15.8	0.000
		− 195 to − 45 HU	814	53.9	3.0	5.6	0.000	494	109.6	4.5	4.1	0.000
		− 250 to − 50 HU	814	53.9	2.1	3.8	0.000	494	109.6	2.8	2.6	0.000
	T12	− 150 to − 50 HU	1024	60.7	− 1.2	− 2.0	0.000	625	127.6	− 2.2	− 1.8	0.000
		− 190 to − 30 HU	1024	60.7	13.5	22.2	0.000	625	127.6	19.7	15.4	0.000
		− 195 to − 45 HU	1024	60.7	3.6	5.9	0.000	625	127.6	5.4	4.2	0.000
		− 250 to − 50 HU	1024	60.7	1.6	2.6	0.000	625	127.6	2.3	1.8	0.000
	L1	− 150 to − 50 HU	1040	71.7	− 1.1	− 1.5	0.000	635	145.0	− 1.9	− 1.3	0.000
		− 190 to − 30 HU	1040	71.7	15.6	21.8	0.000	635	145.0	21.5	14.8	0.000
		− 195 to − 45 HU	1040	71.7	4.2	5.9	0.000	635	145.0	6.0	4.1	0.000
		− 250 to − 50 HU	1040	71.7	1.6	2.2	0.000	635	145.0	2.2	1.5	0.000
	L2	− 150 to − 50 HU	1036	77.9	− 1.3	− 1.7	0.000	633	148.0	− 2.1	− 1.4	0.000
		− 190 to − 30 HU	1036	77.9	15.3	19.6	0.000	633	148.0	19.4	13.1	0.000
		− 195 to − 45 HU	1036	77.9	4.2	5.3	0.000	633	148.0	5.4	3.7	0.000
		− 250 to − 50 HU	1036	77.9	1.7	2.1	0.000	633	148.0	2.1	1.4	0.000
	L3	− 150 to − 50 HU	1025	81.9	− 1.4	− 1.7	0.000	627	141.1	− 1.9	− 1.3	0.000
		− 190 to − 30 HU	1025	81.9	14.0	17.1	0.000	627	141.1	16.7	11.8	0.000
		− 195 to − 45 HU	1025	81.9	3.8	4.7	0.000	627	141.1	4.7	3.3	0.000
		− 250 to − 50 HU	1025	81.9	1.6	2.0	0.000	627	141.1	1.8	1.3	0.000
	L4	− 150 to − 50 HU	966	84.9	− 1.4	− 1.6	0.000	580	123.5	− 1.5	− 1.2	0.000
		− 190 to − 30 HU	966	84.9	15.1	17.8	0.000	580	123.5	17.3	14.0	0.000
		− 195 to − 45 HU	966	84.9	4.2	4.9	0.000	580	123.5	4.8	3.9	0.000
		− 250 to − 50 HU	966	84.9	1.6	1.9	0.000	580	123.5	1.8	1.4	0.000

P-values from paired t-test for T10–L4 with null hypothesis ${\mu }_d=0$. Negative values indicate comparison range value lower than reference range value, on average. Reference range is − 205 to − 51 HU. P-values < 0.01 in bold.