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. 2022 Feb 11;13:840. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28339-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Schematic of network model with Stimulus (STIM), Hippocampus (HPC), Thalamus (THL), and Cortex (CTX) (top) and stimuli presented in the training phase with their respective partial cues used in the testing phase (bottom). STIM → THL synapses are static but the remaining feedforward projections are plastic. In STIM, training stimuli, and testing stimuli, light gray indicates active neurons firing above baseline whereas the remaining background color (i.e., black in STIM and red/blue/green/purple in training and testing stimuli) indicates neurons at baseline firing rate. Each background color in training and testing stimuli denotes a distinct non-overlapping stimulus and its respective partial cue. b Schematic of simulation protocol. c Memory recall in the testing phase as a function of consolidation time (left) and population activity of engram cells in the consolidation phase (right). Recall curves (top to bottom): accuracy, true positive rate, and false positive rate (n = 5 trials, mean values and 90% confidence intervals shown). For each recall metric, two-sided Mann–Whitney U test. Accuracy: consolidation time = 0 (HPC vs. CTX p-value = 7.494958 × 10⁻³; HPC vs. THL p-value = 0.920340; THL vs. CTX p-value = 7.494958 × 10⁻³) and 24 h (HPC vs. CTX p-value = 1.192523 × 10⁻²; HPC vs. THL p-value = 7.494958 × 10⁻³; THL vs. CTX p-value = 7.290358 × 10⁻³). True positive rate: consolidation time = 0 (HPC vs. CTX p-value = 7.494958 × 10⁻³; HPC vs. THL p-value = 0.920340; THL vs. CTX p-value = 7.494958 × 10⁻³) and 24 h (HPC vs. CTX p-value = 1.192523 × 10⁻²; HPC vs. THL p-value = 7.494958 × 10⁻³; THL vs. CTX p-value = 7.290358 × 10⁻³). False positive rate: consolidation time = 0 (HPC vs. CTX p-value = 7.290358 × 10⁻³; HPC vs. THL p-value = 0.920340; THL vs. CTX p-value = 7.290358 × 10⁻³) and 24 h (HPC vs. CTX p-value = 0.920340; HPC vs. THL p-value = 0.920340; THL vs. CTX p-value = 0.920340). Population activity of engram cells (top to bottom): CTX, THL, and HPC (each color designates the engram cells encoding the respective stimulus in (a); dashed line indicates threshold ζ^thr = 10 Hz for engram cell activation). d Same as (c) but with the output of engram cells in HPC blocked during consolidation (recall curves: n = 5 trials, mean values and 90% confidence intervals shown). For each recall metric, two-sided Mann–Whitney U test. Accuracy: consolidation time = 0 (HPC vs. CTX p-value = 7.494958 × 10⁻³; HPC vs. THL p-value = 0.920340; THL vs. CTX p-value = 7.494958 × 10⁻³) and 24 h (HPC vs. CTX p-value = 1.192523 × 10⁻²; HPC vs. THL p-value = 7.494958 × 10⁻³; THL vs. CTX p-value = 7.290358 × 10⁻³). True positive rate: consolidation time = 0 (HPC vs. CTX p-value = 7.494958 × 10⁻³; HPC vs. THL p-value = 0.920340; THL vs. CTX p-value = 7.494958 × 10⁻³) and 24 h (HPC vs. CTX p-value = 1.192523 × 10⁻²; HPC vs. THL p-value = 7.494958 × 10⁻³; THL vs. CTX p-value = 7.290358 × 10⁻³). False positive rate: consolidation time = 0 (HPC vs. CTX p-value = 7.290358 × 10⁻³; HPC vs. THL p-value = 0.920340; THL vs. CTX p-value = 7.290358 × 10⁻³) and 24 h (HPC vs. CTX p-value = 0.920340; HPC vs. THL p-value = 0.920340; THL vs. CTX p-value = 0.920340). e Same as (c) but with the output of engram cells in THL blocked during consolidation (recall curves: n = 5 trials, mean values and 90% confidence intervals shown). For each recall metric, two-sided Mann–Whitney U test. Accuracy: consolidation time = 0 (HPC vs. CTX p-value = 7.494958 × 10⁻³; HPC vs. THL p-value = 0.920340; THL vs. CTX p-value = 7.494958 × 10⁻³) and 24 h (HPC vs. CTX p-value = 0.342782; HPC vs. THL p-value = 7.494958 × 10⁻³; THL vs. CTX p-value = 7.494958 ⋅ 10⁻³). True positive rate: consolidation time = 0 (HPC vs. CTX p-value = 7.494958 ⋅ 10⁻³; HPC vs. THL p-value = 0.920340; THL vs. CTX p-value = 7.494958 × 10⁻³) and 24 h (HPC vs. CTX p-value = 0.342782; HPC vs. THL p-value = 7.494958 × 10⁻³; THL vs. CTX p-value = 7.494958 × 10⁻³). False positive rate: consolidation time = 0 (HPC vs. CTX p-value = 7.290358 × 10⁻³; HPC vs. THL p-value = 0.920340; THL vs. CTX p-value = 7.290358 × 10⁻³) and 24 h (HPC vs. CTX p-value = 0.920340; HPC vs. THL p-value = 0.920340; THL vs. CTX p-value = 0.920340). *p-value < 0.05 (see Methods). b–e Color as in (a).