Table 4.
Choline formulations.
| Formulation | % Delivered by Weight | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Choline bitartrate | 41.1% | 1000 mg delivers 411 mg of choline | GRAS, USP monograph |
| Choline chloride | 74.6% | 1000 mg delivers 746 mg of choline | GRAS, USP monograph |
| Choline citrate | 35.3% | 1000 mg delivers 350 mg of choline | |
| Citicholine or CDP-choline | 21.3% | 1000 mg delivers 180 mg of choline | USP monograph |
| Glycerophosphocholine (Alpha-GPC) | 40.5% | 1000 mg delivers 400 mg of choline | Liquid formulations available, % choline variable in these |
| Phosphatidylcholine | 13% | 1000 mg delivers 130 mg of choline | Mixture; % choline variable |
| Lecithin | 2–3% | 1000 mg delivers 20 mg - 30 mg of choline | Poor source of choline |
Notes: Phosphatidylcholine is the predominant choline source in lecithin. Choline content varies significantly for both of these sources [194]. Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) means the FDA has evaluated information, and considers that ingredient to be safe based on expert review. The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) sets standards for quality and purity of various drug and non-drug substances. When a product is labeled USP, it implies a higher standard of quality.