Phylogenetic tree of NDV strains based on nucleotide sequences from a portion (nt 47 to 420) of the F gene. Strains and their accession numbers are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Accession numbers of NDV strains in subgenotypes VIIa (except Taiwanese strains), VIa, and VId are given in reference 13; those of NDV strains ZA-5/68, ZA-20/93, ZA-34/94, MZ-44/95, BG-30/95, TR-2/96, and SG-4H/65 are given in reference 11. The strains characterized here are boxed. A. E., Arab Emirates.