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(a) Voltage–time curves of a commercial cylindrical 70 Ah Zn–MnO2 cell containing hydrogel electrolyte cycled using the IEC solar off-grid protocol. (b) Capacity retention of the hydrogel-containing 70 Ah cylindrical cell passing through Phase A and B 5 times, thus equating to 750 total cycles. The cell is still cycling in its 6th year.
