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. 2022 Feb 1;27(3):975. doi: 10.3390/molecules27030975

Table 2.

Sample preparation techniques for phytocannabinoid profiling of cannabis and cannabis-based products.

Sample Preparation Technique Advantages Disadvantages
LLE
  • -

    variety of solvents and solvent mixtures with appropriate extraction efficiencies;

  • -

    appropriate for all matrices

  • -

    low price
  • -

    high solvent consumption
PLE
  • -

    possibility to perform decarboxylation in situ

  • -

    greatreproducibility

  • -

    low price
  • -

    miscelanous scientific finidings regarding the ability of PLE to extract thermolabile compounds
HS-SPME
  • -

    programmable automated operation;

  • -

    improved chromatographic peak shape;

  • -

    reduction of matrix interferences
  • -

    specific to GC-based methods only;

  • -

    applicable mostly for simple matrices (herbal material)
SFE
  • -

    “green” extraction method;

  • -

    ensures stability of thermolabile and light-sensitive phytocannabinoids;

  • -

    high extraction yields;

  • -

    ability to separate phytocannabinoids from terpenes
  • -

    rarely used

  • -

    high price
FUSE, UAE
  • -

    low solvent and energy consumption
  • -

    applicable mostly for simple matrices (herbal material)
SPE
  • -

    most suitable for food matrices and extracts

  • -

    “green” extraction technique
  • -

    laborious and time-consuming

  • -

    high price
MHD
  • -

    simultaneous extraction of terpenes and phytocannabinoids

  • -

    simultaneous decarboxylation
  • -

    more commonly used for extraction of essential oils

  • -

    high price
CPE
  • -

    analyte extraction and preconcentration in a single, solvent-free step

  • -

    avoidance of analyte loss during solvent evaporation

  • -

    low price
  • -

    low extraction efficiency for phytocannabinoids

  • -

    time consuming
CPC
  • -

    allows for large-scale extraction of phytocannabinoids with high efficiency
  • -

    high solvent consumption and waste generation

  • -

    high price