Table 3.
A summary of studies of natural-based biomaterials embedded with nanoparticles for biomedical applications.
| Author/Year | Types of Biomaterials | Nanoparticle Used | Fabrication Format | Study Design | Application | Study Measure Outcome/Biological Effects | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sofi et al., 2021 [39] | Cellulose | Hydroxyapatite (HAp); 0.5–1.5 wt% Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs); 3.0–7.0 wt% |
Nanofibers | In vitro | Tissue engineering | Cell viability Antimicrobial activity |
Nanofiber mat (1.5% HAp and 7% Ag NPs) was toxic to growth and proliferation of the fibroblast. |
| Kaparekar et al., 2020 [40] | Collagen-fibrin | Gallic acid (GA) Chitosan (CSNPs); 0.1–0.5 wt%) |
Nanocomposite scaffolds | In vitro In vivo |
Wound healing | Cell viability Cell toxicity Cell migration |
There was increased collagen deposition, angiogenesis, epithelialization, and fibroblast migration in the GA–CSNPs scaffold treated group. |
| Ibrahim et al., 2020 [41] | Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) |
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs); 0.35–1.09 wt% | Nanofibers | In vitro | Medical biomaterials | Antibacterial activity Cell viability |
AuNPs capped by CMCS showed lower cytotoxicity, and its antibacterial activities were increased by increasing AuNPs wt% in the nanofibers. |
| Augustine et al., 2019 [42] | Polycaprolactone (PCL) | Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) | Fibers | In vitro In vivo |
Tissue engineering | Behavior of cells Cell viability Cell proliferation and migration Angiogenesis Inflammatory response |
Y2O3 nanoparticles can perform a vital role in tissue engineering scaffolds to promote cell proliferation and angiogenesis. |
| Barros et al., 2019 [43] | Alginate | Nano hydroxyapatite (nanoHA); 30–70 wt% | Hydrogel | In vitro Ex vivo |
Bone regeneration | Metabolic activity Cell proliferation Cell morphology |
The biological response of composites was influenced by nanoHA content:
|
| Shams et al., 2018 [44] | Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) | Bioactive glass nanoparticles (BGn) |
Nanocomposites | In vitro | Medical biomaterials | Cell attachment Cell viability |
PLLA nanofibers with BG nanoparticles caused improved cell behavior, including cell attachment, growth, and proliferation. |
| Liu et al., 2017 [45] | Chitosan/gelatin | Zinc ions (Zn); 5–40 wt% | Multilayer films (layer-by-layer; LBL) | In vitro | Medical biomaterials | Cell viability Cell morphology Bacterial growth |
The optimal modified Ti substrate (Ti-LBL-Zn10) had the greatest potential for promoting osteoblast growth. |
| Nekounam et al., 2021 [27] | Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) | Silica nanoparticles (SNPs); 1–10 wt% | Nanofibers | In vitro | Tissue engineering | Cell cytotoxicity Cell proliferation |
The cytotoxicity and proliferation assays showed a noticeable enhancement in the biological features of the NFs/SNPs composite. |
| Fahimirad et al., (2021) [46] | Polycaprolactone (PCL) | Curcumin (CUR) encapsulated Chitosan (CS) |
Nanofibers | In vitro In vivo |
Wound healing | Antibacterial activity Cell viability/proliferation Wound healing abilities |
Potential application of PCL/CS/CUR with CURCSNPs as an effective novel wound dressing with significant antibacterial activity. |
| Liu et al., 2020 [47] | Catechol-chitosan (CA-CS) | Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 nanoparticle (ZIF-8 NP); low (L), medium (M), high (H) | Hydrogel | In vitro In vivo |
Bone regeneration | Cell proliferation Bacterial adhesion Osteogenic stability |
Among the CA-CS/Z hydrogels, the CA-CS/ZM hydrogel showed acceptable adhesion properties and antibacterial properties, enhancing the stability of the implanting environment after bone transplantation and promoting the healing process of bone defects. |
| Konop et al., 2019 [48] | Keratin (fur keratin-derived powder; FKDP) | Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) | Nanocomposite scaffolds | In vitro In vivo |
Wound healing | Cell viability Cell migration |
FKDP–AgNPs dressing consisting of an insoluble fraction of keratin, which is biocompatible, significantly accelerated wound healing in a diabetic mouse model. |
| Zhang et al., 2019 [49] | Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEG/DA) | Polydopamine/Puerarin nanoparticles (PDA/PUE) | Hydrogel | In vitro In vivo |
Wound healing | Cell viability Intracellular antioxidation |
PEG-DA/PDA/PUE hydrogels were conducive to cell growth and could accelerate wound healing. |
| Masood et al., 2019 [50] | Chitosan–Polyethylene glycol (CH-PEG) | Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) | Hydrogel | In vitro In vivo |
Wound healing | Antibacterial property Antioxidant property Re-epithelialization |
Silver nanoparticle impregnated chitosan–PEG hydrogel can be a promising material for wound healing dressing for chronic diabetic wounds. |
| Kalantari et al., (2020) [51] | Polyvinyl alcohol—Chitosan (PVA/CH) | Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs); 0–1 wt% | Hydrogel | In vitro | Wound healing | Cell viability Cell metabolic activity Antibacterial activity |
The chitosan/PVA hydrogels incorporated with CeO2-NPs could be a potential candidate as a robust wound dressing agent that, impressively, may decrease wound infections without resorting to the use of antibiotics. |
| Norouzi et al., 2021 [52] | Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) | Zinc oxide (ZnO) | Nanofiber | In vitro In vivo |
Wound healing | Cell viability Antibacterial activity Keratinocyte migration |
ZnO nanoparticles were responsible for accelerated epithelial regeneration and better cell attachment. Therefore, these composite fibers have potential in biomedical applications such as wound healing and tissue reconstruction. |