Table 4.
Research studies on sleep induction using ASMR as auditory stimulation.
| First Author, Year, Country | Study Design | Participant | N, Mean Age ± SD (or Range) |
Noise (Method) |
Intervention Duration | Control Group | Sleep Measure(s) | Sleep Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Williamson (1992) USA |
Randomized controlled trial | First-time CABG patients | 60 | Soothing nature sounds such as rain, waves, or waterfalls (speaker) |
Three consecutive nights posttransfer from the ICU | Not exposed to ocean sound | Richards–Campbell Sleep Questionnaire, a visual analog scale | Falling asleep faster and maintaining sleep |
| Hardian (2020) Indonesia |
Randomized controlled trial | Students at medical college | 30, 18.4 ± 0.72, 17~20 | Haircut, cooking, whispering, rubbing, delicate hand movements (earphone) |
14 days, 20 min from 9:00 pm | Not exposed to ASMR | PSQI | Improved subjective sleep quality |
| Umbas (2021) Indonesia |
Crossover | High school students | 12 (16–18) | Rain sound (speaker) |
Whole night for 30 days | None | PSQI | Reducing sleep onset latency Triggering deeper sleep |