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. 2022 Jan 28;22(3):1012. doi: 10.3390/s22031012

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Comparison between maximum measured and simulated sleeper responses (mean value marker, full range vertical line) for (a) displacement, (b) velocity, and (c) acceleration. Simulated results with either nominal (o-black) or calibrated track model parameters (□-orange); train speed 160 km/h for HO 21B, SG 21A, and SG 21B; 190 km/h for HO 22A, VAD 102; and 130 km/h for VAD 131; and 19 different wheel profiles. Measured results from 20 signals (*-green) recorded at similar train speeds as in the simulations. Data are low-pass-filtered at 250 Hz.