Table 3.
Copper deficiency and heart diseases.
| Disease | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiac hypertrophy | Decreased CCO activity and ATP synthase function and compensatory enlargement of mitochondria and mitochondrial biogenesis | [19,35,100] |
| HF | Diastolic dysfunction and a blunted response to β-adrenergic stimulation | [120,121,122] |
| HF | Perturbation of cellular calcium homeostasis | [124,125] |
| HF | Elevated NO production | [129,130,131] |
| IHD | Accumulation of free fatty acids | [142,143,144,145,146] |
| IHD | Changes in fatty acid composition | [148,149] |
| IHD | Hypercholesterolemia | [152,153,154] |
| IHD | Alterations in plasma lipoprotein levels and compositions | [140,145,156,157,158,159,160] |
| DM cardiomyopathy | Increased collagen deposition and the formation of AGEs of collagen | [165,166,170] |
AGEs: advanced glycation end-products; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; CCO: cytochrome c oxidase; DM: diabetes mellitus; HF: heart failure; IHD: ischemic heart disease; NO: nitric oxide.