Table 1.
Recent advances in bioavailability and metabolism studies carried out in animal models.
| Matrix | Bioactive Compounds | Model (Nº Animals/Volunteers) |
Biological Samples | Collection Times |
Technique (Column) |
Relevant Results (Metabolites, Reactions, etc.) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rosemary extract | Flavonoids, diterpenes and triterpenes | Mice model (in situ perfusion assay) (n = 7) | Gastrointestinal liquid | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 min | HPLC–ESI–QTOF-MS (RP-C18) |
Several diterpenes and four new metabolites detected in plasma. Sulfation and glucuronidation reactions. |
[37] |
| Plasma | End of the assay | ||||||
| Ginsenoside Rb1 | Ginsenoside Rb1, Impact of 3 different fibers | Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 32) |
Plasma | 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, and 48 h | UHPLC–ESI–QQQ-MS (RP-C18) | Secondary ginsenosides, especially ginsenoside CK, are the major active metabolites. Prebiotics promote the proliferation of certain bacterial strains that improve the biotransformation and bioavailability of ginsenosides. |
[76] |
| Feces | -14 d, 0 h and 48 h | ||||||
| Quercetin glucoside mixture supplement | Quercetin glucoside (Quercetin-3-O-glucoside) and its glucose adducts | Male Wistar/ST rats (n = 35) |
Plasma | Once in weeks 2, 4, 6, 8 | HPLC–ESI–QQQ-MS (RP-C18) | Three phases of quercetin metabolism, including cumulative, transient, and stable phases revealed. Water-soluble dietary fibers, especially soybean fiber, enhanced quercetin bioavailability. |
[69] |
| Urine | Two times in weeks 2, 4, 6, 8 | ||||||
| Feces | Three times in weeks 2, 4, 6, 8 | ||||||
| Tomato juice | Lycopene, naringenin and chlorogenic acid | Sprague Dawley rats (n = 16) |
Plasma | End of experiment | HPLC–ESI–IT-MS (RP-C18) | Total cholesterol was lower after the intervention. Low bioavailability of chlorogenic acid and naringenin. |
[30] |
| Urine | Daily for 5 weeks | ||||||
| Feces | Daily for 5 weeks | ||||||
| Liver | End of experiment | ||||||
| Arbequina table olives | Hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, verbascoside, luteolin, salidroside and p-coumaric acid | Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 7) |
Plasma | 0, 30 min | HPLC–ESI- QIT-MS (RP-C18) |
The possible metabolism suffered in the enterocytes cannot be underestimated. Importance of different mechanisms of absorption depending on the hydrophilic or lipophilic nature of the analyte. |
[90] |
| Red raspberry | Raspberry Ketone (4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone)) | Mice (Non-specified) |
Plasma | End of experiment | UHPLC–ESI– QQQ-MS (RP-C18) | 25 analytes identified as RK-derived metabolites. |
[31] |
| Brain | End of experiment | ||||||
| Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) | Oleocanthal (OLC) | Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 4) | Intestinal fluid | Every 5 min for 60 min | UHPLC–ESI-QQQ-MS (RP-C18) | Metabolism of phase I and II. Higher levels of OLC are expected to reach human plasma vs. rat plasma. |
[36] |
| Plasma and intestinal lumen | End of experiment | ||||||
| Red grape polyphenols | Flavanols, phenolic acids, cinnamic acids, valerolactone and valeric acid | Wistar rats (n = 12) |
Serum | 0, 2, 4, 7, 24, 48 h | HPLC–ESI–QTOF-MS (RP-C18) | Organic cultivation system influences the bioavailability and metabolism of polyphenols. Phase II metabolites. |
[80] |
| Red grape polyphenols | Cinnamic acid, benzoic acid, flavonoid, phenylpropionic and phenylacetic acid | Male Fischer-344 rats (n = 54) |
Serum | End of experiment | HPLC–ESI–QTOF-MS (RP-C18) | Flavonoid phase II metabolites. 6 h of light per day improves bioavailability of phenolic compounds. |
[81] |
| Calafate berry extract | Anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic acids | Gerbils (n = 18) |
Plasma | 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 h | GC–EI- QQQ-MS (HP-5MS) |
ß-oxidation products were detected. Hydroxycinnamic, benzoic, and phenylacetic acids derivatives. No parental anthocyanins were detected. |
[74] |
| Red wine extract. | Flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins | Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 3) |
Plasma | 24 h | UHPLC–ESI–Q-Orbitrap-MS (RP-C18) | Phase II metabolism. Importance of the colonic microbiota in the transformation of proanthocyanidins. | [60] |
| Urine | 24 h | ||||||
| Feces | 24 h | ||||||
| Corylin extract supplement | Corylin metabolites | Male SPF grade KM mice (n = 18) |
Plasma | 0.5, 6 h | UHPLC–ESI–QTOF-MS (RP-C18) | Phase I metabolism of corylin. Oxidation, hydration, glucuronidation and sulfation reactions. |
[34] |
| Urine | End of experiment | ||||||
| Feces | End of experiment | ||||||
| Bile | End of experiment | ||||||
| Grape pomace | Phenolic acids and anthocyanins | Male rats (n = 30) |
Urine | 0, 6 and 14 months | UHPLC–ESI–QTOF-MS (RP-C18) |
Methylated, sulfated and glucuronidated metabolites. Growth inhibition of Clostridium. |
[98] |
| Malaxinic acid and its aglycone | Malaxinic acid (MA) and its aglycone (MAA) | Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 50) |
Plasma | 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 min | HPLC–ESI–Q-IT-MS (RP-C18) |
Absence of intact forms of MA and MAA. Glucuronide metabolites were detected. |
[73] |
| Rice bran enzymatic extract | Ferulic acid | Male Wistar rats (n = 50) |
Plasma | 0, 15, 30, 60 min 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 h |
UHPLC–ESI–QQQ-MS (RP-C18) | Sulfated metabolites and unconjugated simple aromatic acids. Phase II metabolites. |
[61] |
| Urine | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 24, 48 h | ||||||
| Feces | 0, 24, 36, 48 h | ||||||
| Specific phenolic compounds | Hydroxytyrosol, hydroxytyrosol acetate, DOPAC | Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 120) |
Plasma | 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 h | UHPLC–ESI–QQQ-MS (RP-C18) | Influence of the sex-linked metabolism on the excretion pattern. The amounts of bioactive compounds did not result in a proportional increase in their plasma concentrations. |
[83] |
CK, compound K; DOPAC, dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid; EI, electronic impact; ESI, electrospray ionization; EVOO, extra virgin olive oil; GC, gas chromatography; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; IT, ion trap; KM: Kunming mice; MA, malaxinic acid; MAA, malaxinic acid aglycone; MS, mass spectrometry; OLC, oleocanthal; Q, quadrupole; QQQ, triple quadrupole; QTOF, quadrupole time of flight; RP, reversed phase; RK, raspberry ketone (4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone)); SPF, specific pathogen-free; UHPLC, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography.