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. 2022 Feb 7;22(3):1251. doi: 10.3390/s22031251

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) Schematic of insulating nanoparticle film-based humidity sensor. (b) Respiratory monitoring by using the insulating nanoparticle-based sensor. Courtesy: Adapted with permission from ref. [70]. Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society. (c) A headset-type device using a nanoparticle film-based sensor. (d) Respiratory patterns observed by the monitor. The respiratory rate is intentionally controlled in this case. Courtesy: Adapted with permission from ref. [72] Copyright 2018 IEEE. (e) A nanoparticle film-based sensor attached on a gas mask of conventional respiratory monitoring system. (f) Change in respiratory rate during physical activity. The subject is at rest and running at 3, 6, and 8 km/h on a speed-controlled treadmill successively. Courtesy: Adapted with permission from ref. [73]. Copyright 2019 IEEE.