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Effects of probiotic compounds on gastrointestinal peptides in the sera of constipated mice. (A) Substance P (SP); (B) motilin (MTL); (C) gastrin (GAS); (D) vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP); (E) somatostatin (SS); (F) endothelin (ET–1). Data are means with SEM. a–d: Different letters indicate significant differences (p <0.05), and the same letters or no letters indicate no significant difference.
