Figure 3.

Possible mechanism of action of tilianin during I/R injury [21,22,23,24,25]. In the ischemic phase, less oxygen is produced, resulting in an increase in lactate production, lowering the blood pH. Reduced oxygen also results in the opening of the mPTP, which increases ROS formation during reperfusion. The series of events affects intracellular H⁺, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ distribution, eventually resulting in apoptosis. Abbreviations: ROS, Reactive oxygen species; mPTP, Mitochondrial permeability transition pore, Bax, Bcl-2 Associated X-protein; Bak, BCL2 Antagonist/killer.