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. 2022 Jan 20;27(3):673. doi: 10.3390/molecules27030673

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Possible mechanism of action of tilianin against atherosclerosis [29,30]. Tilianin inhibits the activation of NF-κB, as well as the activation, phosphorylation and degradation of IkB kinase. This bioactive compound also inhibits TNF-induced VSMC proliferation and migration while lowering LPS-induced macrophage inflammation. Abbreviations: TLR, Toll-like receptor; TNFR, Tumor necrosis factor receptor; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase; P13K, Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase; ERK, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinases; IκBα, Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha; Akt, Ak strain transforming; NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin; VCAM-1, Vascular cell adhesion protein 1; ICAM-1, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1; MMP-9, Matrix metallopeptidase 9; VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor; COX-2, Cyclooxygenase-2; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax, Bcl-2 Associated X-protein; Bid, BH3 interacting-domain death agonist; IL-1β, -12, -6, Interleukin-1 beta,-12,-6; TNF-α, Tumour necrosis factor alpha; VSMC, Vascular smooth muscle cell.