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. 2022 Jan 22;14(3):484. doi: 10.3390/nu14030484
1. Introduction 2
2. Thiamine—Vitamin B1 2
2.1. Introduction and Properties 2
2.2. Sources of Thiamine 3
2.3. Pharmacokinetics of Thiamine 7
2.4. Physiological Function of Thiamine 9
2.5. Thiamine Deficiency 10
2.6. Pharmacological Use of Thiamine 12
2.7. Toxicity of Thiamine 17
2.8. Drug-Vitamin Interactions Associated with Thiamine Deficiency 17
3. Riboflavin—Vitamin B2 17
3.1. Introduction and Properties 17
3.2. Sources of Riboflavin 17
3.3. Pharmacokinetics of Riboflavin 20
3.4. Physiological Functions of Riboflavin 23
3.5. Riboflavin Deficiency 24
3.6. Analytical Determination 25
3.7. Pharmacological Use of Riboflavin 26
3.8. Toxicity of Riboflavin 26
3.9. Drug Interactions Affecting Pharmacokinetics and Interfering with Physiological Function of Riboflavin 26
4. Niacin—Vitamin B3 27
4.1. Introduction and Properties 27
4.2. Sources of Niacin 27
4.3. Pharmacokinetics of Niacin 31
4.4. Physiological Functions of Niacin 33
4.5. Niacin Deficiency 38
4.6. Pharmacological Use of Niacin 38
4.7. Toxicity of Niacin 44
5. Pantothenic Acid—Vitamin B5 45
5.1. Introduction and Properties 45
5.2. Sources of Pantothenic Acid 45
5.3. Physiological Function of Pantothenic Acid 48
5.4. Pharmacokinetics of Pantothenic Acid 49
5.5. Pantothenic Acid Deficiency 53
5.6. Pharmacological Use of Pantothenic Acid 55
6. Conclusions 58
References 59