Table 1.
Characteristic | 5G | 6G |
---|---|---|
Operating frequency | 3 GHz–300 GHz | Up to 1 THz |
Peak data rate | 20 Gbps | 1 Tbps |
Latency | 1 ms | 10–100 μs |
Mobility | 500 km/h | >1000 km/h |
Available spectrum | 30 GHz | 10–100 times higher than 5G |
Spectral efficiency | 30 bps/Hz | 100 bps/Hz |
Energy efficiency | High | Ultra-high |
Connection density | 106 devices/km2 | 107 devices/km2 |
Coverage | 99.99% | 99.9999% |
Positioning precision | Meter precision | Centimeter precision |
Satellite integration | Partial | Fully |
Automation integration | Partial | Fully |
Network awareness | Partial intelligibility | Ubiquitous intelligence |
Reliability | 1–10−5 | 1–10−9 |
Service level | VR/AR/3D | Tactile |
XR | Partial | Fully |
Haptic communication | Partial | Fully |
Smart city components | Separated | Integrated |
IRS | - | Yes |
Standards | 5G/NR | - |
Core network | IoT | IoE |
HetNets | Flexible | Ultra-flexible |
Usage scenarios | EMBB, URLLC & mMTC | uMUB, uHSLLC & uHDD |
Main technologies | mmWave, mMIMO, UDN, SDN | THz, SM-MIMO, Laser and VLC, Quantum, Blockchain, AI/ML |
Applications | VR/AR/360° videos, UHD videos, V2X, IoT, Smart city/factory/home, telemedicine, and wearable devices |
Holographic, tactile/haptic internet, full-sensory and reality, fully automated driving, industrial internet, space travel, deep-sea sightseeing, and Internet of bio-nano-things |
Flexible spectrum | Flexible duplex | Free duplex |