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. 2022 Jan 20;22(3):762. doi: 10.3390/s22030762

Table 1.

Comparison of 5G and 6G communication techniques [28,40,48,49,50,51,52,53,54].

Characteristic 5G 6G
Operating frequency 3 GHz–300 GHz Up to 1 THz
Peak data rate 20 Gbps 1 Tbps
Latency 1 ms 10–100 μs
Mobility 500 km/h >1000 km/h
Available spectrum 30 GHz 10–100 times higher than 5G
Spectral efficiency 30 bps/Hz 100 bps/Hz
Energy efficiency High Ultra-high
Connection density 106 devices/km2 107 devices/km2
Coverage 99.99% 99.9999%
Positioning precision Meter precision Centimeter precision
Satellite integration Partial Fully
Automation integration Partial Fully
Network awareness Partial intelligibility Ubiquitous intelligence
Reliability 1–10−5 1–10−9
Service level VR/AR/3D Tactile
XR Partial Fully
Haptic communication Partial Fully
Smart city components Separated Integrated
IRS - Yes
Standards 5G/NR -
Core network IoT IoE
HetNets Flexible Ultra-flexible
Usage scenarios EMBB, URLLC & mMTC uMUB, uHSLLC & uHDD
Main technologies mmWave, mMIMO, UDN, SDN THz, SM-MIMO, Laser and VLC, Quantum, Blockchain, AI/ML
Applications VR/AR/360° videos,
UHD videos, V2X, IoT, Smart city/factory/home, telemedicine, and wearable devices
Holographic, tactile/haptic internet, full-sensory and reality, fully automated driving, industrial internet, space travel, deep-sea sightseeing, and Internet of bio-nano-things
Flexible spectrum Flexible duplex Free duplex