Table 1.
Mean (standard deviation) of the viable and dead cell biomass, viable/dead cell ratios, percentages of dead and living cells, and biofilm thickness measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy (n = 6), for the different experimental groups. Titanium discs were treated with phosphate buffer saline (control) or covered with the four types of nanoparticles (NPs), i.e., undoped NPs (Un-NPs), NPs doped with calcium (Ca-NPs), NPs doped with zinc (Zn-NPs), and NPs doped with doxycycline (Dox-NPs).
| Control | Un-NPs | Ca-NPs | Zn-NPs | Dox-NPs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Viable cell biomass | 68,750.66 (56,340.99) | 96,387.27 (68,263.95) |
89,579.52 (151,360) |
67,989.72 (56,604.86) | 30,954.77 (36,063.15) |
| Dead cell biomass | 48,959.41 (45,304.36) | 217,722.52 * (112,422.09) | 214,538.38 * (102,620.69) | 162,149.91 (107,249.13) | 184,033.22 * (74,629.22) |
| Viable/dead ratio | 2.16 (3.03) | 0.47 (0.32) | 0.34 (0.45) | 0.41 (0.21) | 0.21 (0.27) * |
| % Dead cells | 47.21% | 70.89% | 80.70% | 70.50% | 85.87% |
| % Viable cells | 52.79% | 29.11% | 19.30% | 29.50% | 14.13% |
| Thickness (μm) | 23 (5.1) | 21 (2.5) | 23 (11.2) | 22 (6.1) | 16 (4.5) |
* Statistically significant differences as compared with a negative control (p < 0.01). Numbers in parentheses are standard deviation values.