Table 4.
Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for obesity and hypertension across soy food intake groups.
| Overweight OR (95% CI) |
Obesity OR (95% CI) |
Abdominal Obesity OR (95% CI) | Pre-Hypertension OR (95% CI) |
Hypertension OR (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liquid soy food (cups/day) a | |||||
| Model 1 | |||||
| No servings | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Medium servings | 0.987 (0.837–1.164) | 1.179 (0.968–1.436) | 1.044 (0.911–1.197) | 0.960 (0.837–1.101) | 1.057 (0.906–1.235) |
| High servings | 1.057 (0.904–1.235) | 1.112 (0.917–1.348) | 1.064 (0.933–1.214) | 1.028 (0.903–1.171) | 0.840 (0.717–0.984) * |
| Model 2 | |||||
| No servings | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Medium servings | 0.994 (0.841–1.175) | 1.141 (0.934–1.394) | 1.026 (0.894–1.177) | 1.098 (0.954–1.263) | 1.076 (0.920–1.257) |
| High servings | 1.071 (0.915–1.253) | 1.154 (0.949–1.402) | 1.071 (0.939–1.223) | 1.000 (0.876–1.142) | 0.839 (0.716–0.983) * |
| Model 3 | |||||
| No servings | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Medium servings | 1.009 (0.852–1.239) | 1.163 (0.950–1.425) | 1.027 (0.893–1.180) | 1.123 (0.973–1.297) | 1.116 (0.949–1.312) |
| High servings | 1.072 (0.913–1.259) | 1.175 (0.964–1.431) | 1.079 (0.944–1.234) | 0.985 (0.860–1.129) | 0.804 (0.681–0.948) * |
| Model 4 | |||||
| No servings | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Medium servings | 1.067 (0.896–1.272) | 1.131 (0.918–1.394) | 1.032 (0.893–1.192) | 1.091 (0.941–1.265) | 1.112 (0.941–1.313) |
| High servings | 1.123 (0.951–1.327) | 1.194 (0.975–1.461) | 1.124 (0.979–1.291) | 0.958 (0.832–1.102) | 0.790 (0.666–0.937) * |
| Solid soy food (servings/day) b | |||||
| Model 1 | |||||
| No servings | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Medium servings | 0.944 (0.802–1.112) | 1.195 (0.981–1.455) | 0.984 (0.859–1.127) | 0.997 (0.871–1.141) | 0.975 (0.835–1.140) |
| High servings | 1.113 (0.952–1.301) | 1.287 (1.062–1.559) * | 1.118 (0.980–1.274) | 1.129 (0.991–1.286) | 0.942 (0.806–1.102) |
| Model 2 | |||||
| No servings | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Medium servings | 0.961 (0.815–1.134) | 1.220 (1.000–1.488) | 0.986 (0.861–1.130) | 1.005 (0.876–1.154) | 0.981 (0.839–1.146) |
| High servings | 1.123 (0.959–1.315) | 1.365 (1.123–1.659) * | 1.137 (0.997–1.297) | 1.027 (0.898–1.173) | 0.934 (0.798–1.093) |
| Model 3 | |||||
| No servings | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Medium servings | 0.974 (0.823–1.152) | 1.212 (0.992–1.481) | 0.974 (0.848–1.118) | 1.000 (0.868–1.151) | 0.980 (0.834–1.152) |
| High servings | 1.132 (0.964–1.330) | 1.330 (1.092–1.620) * | 1.123 (0.983–1.283) | 0.997 (0.87–1.143) | 0.866 (0.735–1.020) |
| Model 4 | |||||
| No servings | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Medium servings | 1.008 (0.848–1.199) | 1.189 (0.967–1.461) | 0.968 (0.840–1.116) | 0.974 (0.842–1.127) | 0.985 (0.834–1.163) |
| High servings | 1.158 (0.981–1.367) | 1.335 (1.091–1.633) * | 1.147 (1.000–1.315) | 1.006 (0.874–1.158) | 0.867 (0.732–1.027) |
| All soy food (times/week) c | |||||
| Model 1 | |||||
| No frequency | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Medium frequency | 0.887 (0.743–1.059) | 1.086 (0.878–1.343) | 0.912 (0.787–1.056) | 1.060 (0.917–1.225) | 1.027 (0.871–1.211) |
| High frequency | 1.042 (0897–1.212) | 1.180 (0.980–1.422) | 1.076 (0.948–1.221) | 1.120 (0.986–1.271) | 0.891 (0.767–1.036) |
| Model 2 | |||||
| No frequency | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Medium frequency | 0.894 (0.748–1.069) | 1.104 (0.891–1.368) | 0.916 (0.790–1.061) | 1.043 (0.899–1.209) | 1.027 (0.871–1.212) |
| High frequency | 1.061 (0.910–1.236) | 1.281 (1.060–1.548) * | 1.103 (0.971–1.253) | 0.972 (0.853–1.108) | 0.881 (0.757–1.025) |
| Model 3 | |||||
| No frequency | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Medium frequency | 0.884 (0.737–1.061) | 1.119 (0.902–1.389) | 0.898 (0.773–1.043) | 1.059 (0.911–1.232) | 1.034 (0.871–1.227) |
| High frequency | 1.062 (0.909–1.241) | 1.256 (1.036–1.521) * | 1.089 (0.957–1.239) | 0.938 (0.821–1.073) | 0.827 (0.706–0.968) * |
| Model 4 | |||||
| No frequency | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Medium frequency | 0.896 (0.743–1.081) | 1.089 (0.871–1.361) | 0.887 (0.760–1.036) | 1.072 (0.918–1.252) | 1.051 (0.881–1.254) |
| High frequency | 1.087 (0.926–1.277) | 1.302 (1.070–1.583) * | 1.119 (0.981–1.278) | 0.937 (0.816–1.075) | 0.828 (0.704–0.974) * |
* p < 0.05. a None 1, 0 cups/day; medium 1, 0–0.4 cups/day; high 1, > 0.4 cups/day; b None 2, 0–0.1429 servings/day; medium 2, 0.1429–0.4286 servings/day; high 2, > 0.4286 servings/day. c None 3, 0–1 times/week; medium 3, 1–3 times/week; high 3, >3 times/week. Model 1 is without adjustment; model 2 is adjusted for age and sex; model 3 is additionally adjusted for family income for overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity and family income and BMI for blood pressure; model 4 is additionally adjusted for dietary intakes (intake frequency of fried food and SSB).