Table 3.
Dose-dependent impacts of nanoparticles on different plant species.
| Type of Nanoparticle | NPs Concentration | Target Plant Species | Nanoparticles Impact on Plants | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive impacts | ||||
| Copper NPs | 69.4 µM | Zea mays L. | Increased leaf water content, biomass, anthocyanin, chlorophyll (Chl), and carotenoid contents. Controlled production of ROS and increased seed number, and yield. |
[103] |
| Zinc-oxide NPs | 50 and 100 ppm | Solanum melongena L. | Enhanced growth parameters, fruit yield, water productivity, and photosynthetic efficiency. | [162] |
| Titanium dioxide NPs | 60 ppm | Zea mays L. | Increased growth regulating parameters, relative water content, potassium ion concentration, total phenolic content, proline content, and level of antioxidant enzymes. | [163] |
| Silicon NPs | 300–1200 mg L−1 | Triticum aestivum L. | Enhanced growth parameters and chlorophyll content. Optimized level oxidative enzymes. Increased plant biomass and yield. |
[164] |
| Iron (III) oxide NPs | 10, 50 and 100 mg L−1 | Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench | Improved and increased seed germination rate, seedling growth, photosystem II efficiency, Chl index, photosynthetic rate, and relative water content. | [165] |
| Negative impacts | ||||
| Silver NPs | 80 and 160 mg L−1 | Pisum sativum L. | Decreased seed germination and growth parameters. Deformation in root cells and caused increased chromosomal abnormalities. |
[166] |
| Aluminum oxide NPs | 50–1000 mg L−1 | Glycine max | Damaged root surface and root cap.Altered lignin monomer composition and cell-wall esterified hydroxycinnamic acids. Reduced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in stems. |
[167] |
| Zinc oxide NPs | 300, 600, and 1000mg kg−1 | Solanum lycopersicum L. | Increased root uptake of zinc. Increased oxidative stress by overproducing H2O2 and reduced level of antioxidant enzymes (APX and SOD) also caused reduction in total phenols, flavonoids, β-carotene, and lycopene in fruits. |
[168] |
| Ceria NPs | 50, 100, and 200 mg kg−1 | Phaseolus vulgaris | Increased stomatal conductance. Decreased antioxidative defense. Induced lipid peroxidation in root and fresh weight. |
[169] |
| Silica NPs | 250 and 1000 mg L−1 | Arabidopsis thaliana | Reduced growth and development of seedlings. Caused chlorosis in leaves. |
[170] |