Table 2.
Mean quantities (µg/g, DM) of phenolic compounds in inflorescences of Achillea spp. and their multivariate comparison among seven wild species.
| Compounds | A. cappadocica | A. setacea | A. aleppica | A. coarctata | A.santolinoides subsp. wilhelmsii | A. santolinoides | A. arabica | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neochlorogenic acid | 1203.93 ± 19.58 | 289.58 ± 37.88 | 230.1 ± 6.64 | 152.1 ± 4.39 | 207.96 ± 33.98 | 228 ± 6.58 | 682.7 ± 422.66 | 0.41 |
| Chlorogenic acid | 1049 ± 176.38 ab | 3249.96 ± 1109.51 b | 1405.8 ± 40.58 ab | 672.4 ± 19.41 a | 839.7 ± 270.28 a | 942.1 ± 27.2 ab | 2438.85 ± 837.56 ab | <0.05 |
| 4-caffeoylquinic acid | 99.5 ± 27.15 a | 621.26 ± 291.17 b | 140.3 ± 4.05 ab | 69.1 ± 1.99 a | 141.6 ± 33.1 ab | 253 ± 7.3 ab | 573.05 ± 423.09 c | <0.05 |
| 3.4-dicaffeoylquinic acid | 589.2 ± 52.04 ab | 1822.62 ± 483.73 b | 456.7 ± 13.18 a | 764.4 ± 22.07 ab | 299.58 ± 56.53 a | 708.4 ± 20.45 sb | 839.8 ± 639.54 ab | <0.05 |
| 3.5-dicaffeoylquinic acid | 2273.47 ± 302.5 ab | 5330.06 ± 1314.69 b | 2102.7 ± 60.7 ab | 3097.6 ± 89.42 ab | 1266.26 ± 329.77 a | 1361.4 ± 39.3 a | 2125.35 ± 1539.41 ab | <0.05 |
| 1.5-dicaffeoylquinic acid | 152.63 ± 77.05 a | 143.48 ± 51.16 a | 63.8 ± 1.84 a | 984.6 ± 28.42 b | 28.32 ± 19.59 a | 104.8 ± 3.03 a | 105.8 ± 90.06 a | <0.001 |
| 4.5-dicaffeoylquinic acid | 295.2 ± 12.65 ab | 456.88 ± 95.26 b | 292.3 ± 8.44 ab | 3097.6 ± 89.42 c | 207.94 ± 41.49 a | 209.7 ± 6.05 a | 242.2 ± 66.74 ab | <0.001 |
| Caffeic acid | 21.27 ± 9.02 b | 0 ± 0 a | 0.1 ± 0 a | 25.8 ± 0.74 b | 6 ± 4.37 a | 49.3 ± 1.42 c | 3.25 ± 3.25 a | <0.001 |
| Quercitrin | 0 ± 0 a | 0 ± 0 a | 0 ± 0 a | 0 ± 0 a | 0 ± 0 a | 0 ± 0 a | 8487.21 ± 3445.28 b | <0.05 |
| Rutin | 155.93 ± 49.75 ab | 102.1 ± 49.38 a | 0 ± 0 a | 93.6 ± 2.7 a | 10.1 ± 10.1 a | 63.1 ± 1.82 a | 265.08 ± 85.94 b | <0.05 |
| Quercetin | 60.2 ± 16.18 a | 35.58 ± 5.07 a | 40 ± 1.15 a | 40.2 ± 1.16 a | 42.46 ± 8.34 a | 54.6 ± 1.58 a | 203.7 ± 134.08 a | <0.05 |
| Isoquercitrin | 192.63 ± 90.01 ab | 513.58 ± 174.94 b | 149.3 ± 4.31 ab | 24.9 ± 0.72 a | 54.14 ± 22.35 a | 51.6 ± 1.49 a | 182.09 ± 171.89 ab | <0.05 |
| Luteolin | 284.27 ± 167.68 ab | 723.6 ± 176.02 b | 0 ± 0 c | 694.7 ± 20.05 b | 245 ± 34.84 ab | 725.7 ± 20.95 b | 560.05 ± 360.27 ab | <0.05 |
| Luteolin-7-glucoside | 732.4 ± 253.58 a | 1171.72 ± 238.2 a | 75.8 ± 2.19 a | 181.2 ± 5.23 a | 520.06 ± 154.57 a | 978.5 ± 28.25 a | 5646.13 ± 3185.87 b | <0.05 |
| Luteolin-7-rutinoside | 95.77 ± 33.1 a | 156.86 ± 68.58 a | 37.8 ± 1.09 a | 0 ± 0 a | 170.38 ± 46.78 a | 76.9 ± 2.22 a | 217.98 ± 169.76 a | <0.05 |
| Luteolin-3.7-diglucoside | 0 ± 0 a | 531.26 ± 260.77 b | 0 ± 0 a | 0 ± 0 a | 0 ± 0 a | 0 ± 0 a | 596.8 ± 596.8 b | <0.05 |
| Apigenin | 43.6 ± 26.55 a | 47.72 ± 30.84 a | 0 ± 0 b | 2.3 ± 0.07 b | 0 ± 0 b | 29.2 ± 0.84 ab | 6.88 ± 4.88 b | <0.05 |
| Apigenin-7-glucoside | 138 ± 97.09 a | 137.66 ± 80.47 a | 18.7 ± 0.54 b | 0 ± 0 b | 41.3 ± 12.09 b | 99.3 ± 2.87 ab | 13.28 ± 13.28 b | <0.05 |
| Santin | 229.07 ± 10.36 a | 548.8 ± 190.9 b | 0 ± 0 c | 0 ± 0 c | 228.32 ± 16.21 a | 0 ± 0 c | 321.7 ± 90.89 ab | <0.05 |
1 Values (mean ± SE) of the compounds marked by different letters (a, b, c) within the row were significantly differed at p ≤ 0.05 among species according to the Duncan’s Multiple Range test.