Table 3.
Top 40 (of 422) metabolites inversely associated with a vegan relative to non-vegetarian dietary pattern at FDR < 3.9 × 10−5 1,2.
| Metabolite | Fold Change | Subclass | Major Class |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5-acetylamino-6-amino-3-methyluracil | 0.04 | Xanthine Metabolism | Xenobiotics |
| theobromine | 0.04 | Xanthine Metabolism | Xenobiotics |
| 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoate (cmpf) | 0.05 | Fatty Acid, Dicarboxylate | Lipid |
| paraxanthine | 0.07 | Xanthine Metabolism | Xenobiotics |
| theophylline | 0.07 | Xanthine Metabolism | Xenobiotics |
| 3-methylhistidine | 0.07 | Histidine Metabolism | Amino Acid |
| 1-methyl-5-imidazoleacetate | 0.09 | Histidine Metabolism | Amino Acid |
| hydroxy-cmpf | 0.09 | Fatty Acid, Dicarboxylate | Lipid |
| 1,7-dimethylurate | 0.09 | Xanthine Metabolism | Xenobiotics |
| 4-acetaminophen sulfate | 0.10 | Drug—Analgesics, Anesthetics | Xenobiotics |
| caffeine | 0.11 | Xanthine Metabolism | Xenobiotics |
| piperine | 0.12 | Food Component/Plant | Xenobiotics |
| 7-methylxanthine | 0.17 | Xanthine Metabolism | Xenobiotics |
| 2-hydroxyacetaminophen sulfate | 0.18 | Drug—Analgesics, Anesthetics | Xenobiotics |
| 3-methylxanthine | 0.19 | Xanthine Metabolism | Xenobiotics |
| 4-acetamidophenol | 0.19 | Drug—Analgesics, Anesthetics | Xenobiotics |
| sulfate of piperine metabolite c16h19no3 (2) | 0.19 | Food Component/Plant | Xenobiotics |
| 1-methylurate | 0.20 | Xanthine Metabolism | Xenobiotics |
| 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil | 0.20 | Xanthine Metabolism | Xenobiotics |
| 3-bromo-5-chloro-2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid | 0.22 | Chemical | Xenobiotics |
| sulfate of piperine metabolite c16h19no3 (3) | 0.23 | Food Component/Plant | Xenobiotics |
| n,n,n-trimethyl-5-aminovalerate | 0.24 | Lysine Metabolism | Amino Acid |
| glucuronide of piperine metabolite c17h21no3 (4) | 0.25 | Food Component/Plant | Xenobiotics |
| sulfate of piperine metabolite c18h21no3 (1) | 0.26 | Food Component/Plant | Xenobiotics |
| heptenedioate (c7:1-dc) | 0.27 | Fatty Acid, Dicarboxylate | Lipid |
| glucuronide of piperine metabolite c17h21no3 (3) | 0.27 | Food Component/Plant | Xenobiotics |
| glucuronide of piperine metabolite c17h21no3 (5) | 0.28 | Food Component/Plant | Xenobiotics |
| 1-methylxanthine | 0.29 | Xanthine Metabolism | Xenobiotics |
| (14 or 15)-methyl palmitate (a17:0 or i17:0) | 0.29 | Fatty Acid, Branched | Lipid |
| sulfate of piperine metabolite c18h21no3 (3) | 0.29 | Food Component/Plant | Xenobiotics |
| ibuprofen | 0.29 | Drug—Analgesics, Anesthetics | Xenobiotics |
| (12 or 13)-methyl myristate (a15:0 or i15:0) | 0.30 | Fatty Acid, Branched | Lipid |
| 1,3-dimethylurate | 0.32 | Xanthine Metabolism | Xenobiotics |
| 3-methyl catechol sulfate (1) | 0.32 | Benzoate Metabolism | Xenobiotics |
| 1-margaroylglycerol (17:0) | 0.32 | Monoacylglycerol | Lipid |
| perfluorooctanesulfonate (pfos) | 0.33 | Chemical | Xenobiotics |
| saccharin | 0.35 | Food Component/Plant | Xenobiotics |
| tridecenedioate (c13:1-dc) | 0.36 | Fatty Acid, Dicarboxylate | Lipid |
| 3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid | 0.38 | Chemical | Xenobiotics |
| sphingomyelin (d18:1/25:0, d19:0/24:1, d20:1/23:0, d19:1/24:0) | 0.39 | Sphingomyelins | Lipid |
1 Fold change represents ratio of geometric means of vegans relative to non-vegetarians obtained from linear regression model with SmartSVA. 2 Adapted Storey et al. [26] permutation approach used to adjust for false discovery.