Table 2.
Evidence of prebiotics and dietary effects on microbiome in chronic inflammatory and respiratory disease.
| Dietary Component | Study Model | Disease Type | Effect on Disease | Effect on Gut Microbiome | Effect on Host Biomarkers | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Specific diet | ||||||
| Low fat, high fibre | Human | Ulcerative colitis (IBD) | ↑ QoL IBD questionnaire scores | ↑ Bacteroidetes, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
↓ Actinobacteria |
↑ Acetate, tryptophan ↓ Lauric acid |
[228] |
| Monosaccharides | ||||||
| High-sugar diet | Mouse | DSS-induced colitis (IBD) | ↑ Colitis | ↑ Verruncomicrobiaceae, Porphyromonadaceae
↓ α-Diversity, Prevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Anaeroplasmataceae |
↑ Intestinal permeability, proinflammatory cytokines, BMDM reactivity to LPS. | [229] |
| Artificial sweetener | Mouse | SAMP1/YitFc ileitis (Crohn’s disease) | No change | ↑ Proteobacteria | ↑ Ileal myeloperoxidase reactivity | [230] |
| Milk oligosaccharides | ||||||
| GOS | Human crossover | NA | NA | ↑ Bifidobacterium
↓ Ruminococcus, Synergistes, Dehalobacterium, Holdemania |
↓ Butyrate (NS), Bacteroides predicts OGTT | [231] |
| pAOS | Mouse | P. aeruginosa infection | ↑ Bacterial clearance | ↑ Bifidobacterium, Sutturella wadsworthia, Clostridiumcluster XI | ↑ Butyrate, propionate ↑ IFN-γ, t-bet gene, M1 macrophage, IL10 ↓ TNF a, IL-4, gata 3 gene |
[232] |
| 2′-Fucosyl lactose | Mouse | IBD | ↓ Colitis | ↑ Ruminococcus gnavus
↓ Bacteroides acidifaciens, Bacteroides vulgatus |
↑ Acetate, propionate, valerate, TGFβ ↓ iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6 |
[221] |
| Plant polysaccharides | ||||||
| Dietary fibre | Mouse | T-cell-transfer colitis (IBD) | ↓ Colitis | No change in microbial load or Clostridiales abundance, metabolic changes between high-fibre and low-fibre diets presumed based on butyrate output | ↑ Treg cells, caecal and luminal butyrate, Foxp3 histone H3 acetylation | [233] |
| Dietary fibre | Human, RCT meta-analysis | NA | NA | ↑ Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus No change in α-diversity | ↑ Faecal butyrate FOS and GOS drove microbial shifts | [234] |
| Dietary fibre | Mouse | Emphysema | ↓ Alveolar destruction and inflammation in BALF | ↑ Bacteroidetes
↓ Lactobacillaceae, Defluviitaleaceae |
↑ SCFA, bile acids, sphingolipids ↓ Macrophages and neutrophils in BALF ↓ mRNA expression of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IRF-5, MMP-12, TNF-α, TGF-β, and cathepsin S |
[235] |
| BLIDF | Mouse | DSS-induced acute colitis (IBD) | Reduced colitis symptoms | ↓ Akkermansia
↑ Parasutterella, Alistipes, Erysipelatoclostridium |
↑ SCFA, secondary bile acids, claudin-1 ↑ Occludin and mucin 2 expression |
[222] |
| FOS | Human, crossover | NA | NA | ↑ Bifidobacterium
↓ Phascolarctobacterium, Enterobacter, Turicibacter, Coprococcus, Salmonella |
↓ Butyrate, Bacteroides predicts OGTT | [231] |
| FOS, XOS, polydextrose, resistant dextrin | Human, RCT | CRC | ↓ Inflammation | (Preoperative) ↓ Bacteroides ↑ Bifodobacterium, Enterococcus (Postoperative) ↓ Bacteroides ↑ Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus | (Preoperative) ↑ IgG, IgM, transferrin (Postoperative) ↑ IgG, IgA, suppressor/cytotoxic T cells CD3+CD8+, total B lymphocytes |
[227] |
| ITF | Human, RCT | Ulcerative colitis | ↑ Remission ↓ Colitis |
↑ Bifidobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae (not correlated with colitis reduction) | ↑ Total SCFA, butyrate ↓ Faecal calprotectin | [226] |
| Psyllium | Mouse | DSS-induced, T-cell-transfer colitis (IBD) | ↓ Colitis | ↑ α-Diversity ↓ Microbial density |
↑ Butyrate, Treg cells ↓ IL-6, faecal LCN-2, intestinal permeability |
[223] |
| Wheat bran | Pig | NA | ↓ Inflammation pathways | ↑ Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillis ↓ Escherichia coli | ↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB pathways | [224] |
| SCFA | ||||||
| Butyrate | Mouse | IBD | ↓ Colitis | ↑ α-Diversity (NS), Lactobacillaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae
↓ IgA-coated bacteria, Prevotellaceae |
↓ TNF, IL-6, infiltration of inflammatory cells in colonic mucosa, acetate | [225] |
| Dietary fats | ||||||
| Saturated fats | Mouse | Il10−/−, DSS-induced colitis (IBD) | ↑ Colitis | ↑ Bacteroidetes, Bilophila wadsworthia
↓ α-Diversity, Firmicutes |
↑ TH1 mucosal response due to change in bile acid production | [236] |
↑, increased; ↓, decreased; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; BMDM, bone-marrow-derived macrophages; Bregs, regulatory B cells; CRP, C-reactive protein; DSS, dextran–sulfate–sodium; FOS, fructooligosaccharides; GOS, galactooligosaccharides; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; ILA, indole-3-lactic acid; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; ITF, inulin-type fructans; LCN-2, lipocalin-2; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NA, not applicable; NS, not significant; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SCFA, short-chain fatty acids; TGFβ, transforming growth factor-β; TH, T helper; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; QoL, Quality of life; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; Treg, regulatory.