Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population (n = 6770) according to quartiles of total dairy intake.
| Total | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 6770 | n = 1692 | n = 1697 | n = 1688 | n = 1693 | |
| Total dairy intake (servings/day) | 3.6 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 6.0 ± 1.1 |
| Range | 0–15.1 | 0–1.2 | 0.9–1.9 | 1.4–2.7 | 2.2–15.1 |
| Age at dietary assessment (years) | 61.7 ± 3.9 | 62.1 ± 4.0 | 62.0 ± 3.9 | 61.8 ± 3.8 | 60.9 ± 3.7 |
| Sex, female (%) | 58.7 | 59.9 | 61.7 | 59.6 | 53.8 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.6 ± 2.2 | 26.7 ± 2.2 | 26.7 ± 2.2 | 26.6 ± 2.2 | 26.6 ± 2.2 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 91.1 ± 6.7 | 91.1 ± 6.7 | 90.7 ± 6.6 | 91.0 ± 6.5 | 91.6 ± 6.8 |
| Education level (%) | |||||
| Primary education | 11.8 | 13.7 | 11.2 | 11.4 | 11.0 |
| Lower education | 40.9 | 42.2 | 43.8 | 40.1 | 37.6 |
| Intermediate | 28.9 | 28.0 | 28.0 | 29.7 | 30.0 |
| Higher | 18.3 | 16.1 | 17.0 | 18.8 | 21.4 |
| Smoking (%) | |||||
| Never | 32.2 | 31.3 | 33.5 | 32.9 | 31.3 |
| Ever | 45.0 | 41.7 | 45.9 | 46.3 | 46.3 |
| Current | 22.7 | 27.0 | 20.6 | 20.8 | 22.4 |
| Physical activity (MET-hours/week) | |||||
| Zutphen Physical Activity Questionnaire (n = 4328) | 79.7 [54.7, 112.1] | 77.7 [51.5, 110.8] | 78.2 [53.0, 109.2] | 79.4 [57.5, 111.9] | 82.4 [56.6, 115.6] |
| LASA Physical Activity Questionnaire (n = 2177) | 42.9 [17.7, 82.5] | 39.8 [15.0, 75.9] | 40.5 [16.9, 79.9] | 48.2 [21.0, 87.8] | 45.0 [18.0, 86.4] |
| Family history diabetes mellitus | 12.8 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 13.3 |
| Dietary intake | |||||
| Diet quality score (0–14) | 6.6 ± 1.1 | 6.0 ± 1.0 | 6.6 ± 1.0 | 7.0 ± 1.1 | 7.0 ± 1.1 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2113 ± 333 | 1858 ± 293 | 2012 ± 283 | 2151 ± 285 | 2452 ± 365 |
| Total fat intake (E%) | 35.1 ± 3.6 | 35.3 ± 4.1 | 35.0 ± 3.5 | 34.5 ± 3.3 | 35.4 ± 3.6 |
| Total saturated fat intake (E%) | 13.2 ± 1.6 | 12.4 ± 1.6 | 12.9 ± 1.5 | 13.1 ± 1.4 | 14.1 ± 1.8 |
| Total protein intake (E%) | 16.7 ± 1.7 | 15.8 ± 1.6 | 16.4 ± 1.6 | 16.8 ± 1.5 | 17.6 ± 1.7 |
| Carbohydrate intake (E%) | 44.5 ± 4.2 | 44.5 ± 4.9 | 44.9 ± 4.1 | 44.9 ± 3.8 | 43.8 ± 3.9 |
| Calcium intake (mg/day) | 1109 ± 251 | 688 ± 113 | 960 ± 95 | 1175 ± 101 | 1621 ± 245 |
| Sodium intake (mg/day) | 2344 ± 463 | 1979 ± 385 | 2203 ± 366 | 2398 ± 372 | 2814 ± 511 |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 6.6 [0.7, 18.8] | 6.7 [0.5, 20.9] | 6.6 [0.7, 18.6] | 6.2 [0.7, 17.6] | 6.7 [0.7, 17.6] |
| Vegetables (g/day) | 211 ± 69 | 206 ± 62 | 208 ± 71 | 207 ± 59 | 220 ± 74 |
| Fruit (g/day) | 228 ± 98 | 209 ± 102 | 230 ± 93 | 235 ± 94 | 234 ± 101 |
| Wholegrains (g/day) | 116 ± 43 | 95 ± 41 | 111 ± 41 | 123 ± 42 | 133 ± 46 |
| Legumes (g/day) | 16.5 ± 12.5 | 15.7 ± 14.6 | 16.4 ± 11.2 | 15.4 ± 9.9 | 17.5 ± 11.8 |
| Nuts (g/day) | 8.5 ± 7.9 | 7.9 ± 8.0 | 8.3 ± 7.9 | 8.5 ± 7.3 | 9.1 ± 8.1 |
| Red meat (g/day) | 93 ± 36 | 91 ± 35 | 92 ± 34 | 93 ± 32 | 97 ± 40 |
| Fish (g/day) | 20 ± 13 | 19 ± 13 | 21 ± 12 | 20 ± 13 | 21 ± 13 |
| Tea (g/day) | 288 ± 155 | 286 ± 162 | 275 ± 146 | 304 ± 152 | 286 ± 159 |
| Coffee (g/day) | 471 ± 152 | 445 ± 155 | 462 ± 144 | 475 ± 146 | 502 ± 159 |
| Sugar sweetened beverages (g/day) | 94 ± 74 | 92 ± 78 | 96 ± 74 | 86 ± 63 | 101 ± 79 |
Values are mean ± SD for continuous variables with a normal distribution (pooled), or median [IQR] for continuous variables with a skewed distribution; percentages for categorical variables, on the basis of unimputed data. Abbreviations: E%, percentage of total energy intake; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; RS, Rotterdam Study; SD, standard deviation.