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. 2022 Jan 18;14(3):415. doi: 10.3390/nu14030415

Table 3.

Associations of dairy product types and longitudinal insulin resistance in the Rotterdam Studies (n = 6593).

Pooled Effect Estimates
Intake Range Categories Continuous
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
B B (95% CI) B (95% CI) B (95% CI) Ptrend B (95% CI)
Total dairy
n 1650 1642 1647 1654
Median intake 1.6 2.8 3.9 5.6 3.3
Model 1 ref 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) 0.37 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01)
Model 2 ref 0.02 (−0.02, 0.05) 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) 0.04 (0.00, 0.08) 0.07 0.00 (0.00, 0.01)
High-fat dairy
n 1644 1663 1642 1644
Median intake 0.4 1.4 2.2 3.6 1.7
Model 1 ref 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) −0.03 (−0.07, 0.00) −0.03 (−0.08, 0.01) 0.03 * −0.01 (−0.01, 0.00)
Model 2 ref 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) 0.06 −0.01 (−0.02, 0.00)
Low-fat dairy
n 1652 1655 1655 1631
Median intake 0.1 1 1.7 3 1.3
Model 1 ref 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) 0.05 (0.02, 0.09) 0.05 (0.01, 0.09) 0.01 ** 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) *
Model 2 ref 0.02 (−0.01, 0.06) 0.06 (0.03, 0.10) 0.06 (0.03, 0.10) 0.0003 *** 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) **
Fermented dairy
n 1653 1645 1644 1651
Median intake 1 1.8 2.7 4.2 2.2
Model 1 ref −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) −0.02 (−0.06, 0.02) −0.04 (−0.08, 0.00) 0.10 −0.01 (−0.02, 0.00)
Model 2 ref −0.02 (−0.06, 0.02) 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) 0.77 0.00 (−0.01, 0.00)
High-fat fermented dairy
n 1658 1625 1648 1662
Median intake 0.2 1.1 1.8 3 1.4
Model 1 ref 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) −0.02 (−0.06, 0.02) −0.02 (−0.06, 0.02) 0.22 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01)
Model 2 ref 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) −0.01 (−0.05, 0.02) −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) 0.49 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01)
Low-fat fermented dairy
n 1718 1662 1624 1589
Median intake 0 0.3 0.9 2 0.5
Model 1 ref 0.04 (0.00, 0.08) 0.03 (−0.01, 0.06) 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) 0.31 −0.01 (−0.02, 0.00)
Model 2 ref 0.05 (0.01, 0.08) 0.04 (0.00, 0.08) 0.02 (−0.01, 0.06) 0.70 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01)
Total milk
n 1633 1627 1752 1581
Median intake 0.1 0.8 1.3 2.4 1.0
Model 1 ref 0.03 (−0.01, 0.07) 0.03 (−0.01, 0.07) 0.05 (0.01, 0.09) 0.02 * 0.01 (0.00, 0.02)
Model 2 ref 0.03 (−0.01, 0.07) 0.03 (0.00, 0.07) 0.05 (0.01, 0.09) 0.02 * 0.01 (0.00, 0.02)
High-fat milk
n 3278 942 1146 1227
Median intake 0 0.05 0.2 0.9 0.003
Model 1 ref 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) 0.46 −0.02 (−0.04, 0.00)
Model 2 ref 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) 0.00 (−0.04, 0.03) 0.46 −0.02 (−0.04, 0.00)
Low-fat milk
n 1736 1604 1620 1633
Median intake 0 0.5 1.1 2.2 0.8
Model 1 ref 0.03 (−0.01, 0.06) 0.03 (−0.01, 0.06) 0.07 (0.03, 0.11) 0.002 ** 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) ***
Model 2 ref 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) 0.07 (0.03, 0.11) 0.001 ** 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) ***
Total yogurt
n 2259 1606 1402 1326
Median intake 0 0.3 0.6 1.0 0.4
Model 1 ref 0.04 (0.00, 0.07) −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) −0.03 (−0.07, 0.00) 0.02 * −0.03 (−0.05, −0.01) **
Model 2 ref 0.04 (0.01, 0.08) 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) −0.01 (−0.05, 0.02) 0.18 −0.02 (−0.04, 0.00)
High-fat yogurt
n 5021 540 470 562
Median intake 0 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.0
Model 1 ref −0.01 (−0.06, 0.03) 0.00 (−0.05, 0.05) −0.11 (−0.17, −0.06) 0.0001 *** −0.08 (−0.13, −0.03) **
Model 2 ref −0.01 (−0.06, 0.04) 0.00 (−0.05, 0.05) −0.10 (−0.16, −0.05) 0.0003 *** −0.08 (−0.13, −0.03) **
Low-fat yogurt
n 2593 1412 1366 1222
Median intake 0 0.1 0.5 1.0 0.14
Model 1 ref 0.03 (−0.01, 0.06) 0.05 (0.02, 0.09) 0.00 (−0.04, 0.03) 0.71 −0.02 (−0.04, 0.01)
Model 2 ref 0.03 (0.00, 0.07) 0.07 (0.03, 0.10) 0.01 (−0.02, 0.05) 0.52 0.00 (−0.03, 0.02)
Total cheese
n 1650 1633 1670 1640
Median intake 0.5 1.2 2.0 3.1 1.5
Model 1 ref 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) −0.01 (−0.05, 0.02) −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) 0.62 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01)
Model 2 ref 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) 0.62 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01)
High-fat cheese
n 1691 1607 1652 1643
Median intake 0.2 1.1 1.7 3.0 1.3
Model 1 ref 0.01 (−0.02, 0.05) −0.01 (−0.04, 0.03) −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) 0.52 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01)
Model 2 ref 0.01 (−0.02, 0.05) 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) 0.00 (−0.04, 0.04) 0.92 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01)
Low-fat cheese
n 4682 664 647 600
Median intake 0 0.2 0.7 1.8 0.0
Model 1 ref 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) 0.00 (−0.05, 0.05) −0.01 (−0.05, 0.04) 0.83 0.00 (−0.02, 0.02)
Model 2 ref 0.02 (−0.02, 0.07) 0.01 (−0.04, 0.06) 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) 0.50 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03)
Cream
n 3977 880 829 907
Median intake 0 0.07 0.2 0.5 0.0
Model 1 ref −0.03 (−0.07, 0.02) −0.06 (−0.10, −0.01) −0.07 (−0.11, −0.02) 0.89 −0.01 (−0.04, 0.01)
Model 2 ref −0.03 (−0.07, 0.02) −0.05 (−0.09, 0.00) −0.07 (−0.12, −0.03) 0.77 −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01)
Ice cream
n 3963 851 956 823
Median intake 0 0.07 0.2 0.3 0.0
Model 1 ref 0.04 (0.00, 0.08) 0.04 (0.00, 0.08) 0.03 (−0.01, 0.07) 0.05 0.05 (0.00, 0.10) *
Model 2 ref 0.03 (−0.02, 0.07) 0.02 (−0.02, 0.07) 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) 0.52 0.04 (−0.01, 0.08)

Model 1 included age (continuous), sex and energy intake (continuous). Model 2 was additionally adjusted for education (3 categories), smoking (3 categories), physical activity (continuous), alcohol consumption (4 categories), family history of diabetes (yes/no, RS-I and RS-II only) and intakes of fruit, vegetables, wholegrains, legumes, nuts, tea, coffee, red meat and sugar-sweetened beverages (continuous). Model 4 was additionally adjusted for longitudinal waist circumference. Betas from log-transformed HOMA-IR. p value significance level: * 0.05, ** 0.01, *** 0.001.