Table 1.
Descriptive and clinical characteristics of study population.
| Non-Systematic Late-Night Food Consumers (n = 178) |
Systematic Late-Night Food Consumers (n = 723) |
p-Value | Systematic Late-Night Eaters (Consumption of <40% of dTEI) (n = 572) |
Systematic Late-Night Overeaters (Consumption of >40% of dTEI) (n = 151) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.36 ± 13.64 | 52.16 ± 13.85 | 0.300 | 53.05 ± 13.92 | 48.79 ± 13.10 | 0.001 |
| Sex (%) | ||||||
| Male | 48.9 | 44.3 | 0.268 | 39.9 | 60.9 | 0.000 |
| Female | 51.1 | 55.7 | 60.1 | 39.1 | ||
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 28.12 ± 5.56 | 27.93 ± 5.52 | 0.681 | 27.83 ± 5.34 | 28.31 ± 6.15 | 0.344 |
| Smoking (%) | ||||||
| Never smokers | 42.1 | 39.1 | 0.626 | 40.9 | 32.5 | 0.104 |
| Former smokers | 32.6 | 36.4 | 34.6 | 43.0 | ||
| Current smokers | 25.3 | 24.5 | 24.5 | 24.5 | ||
| Biochemical biomarkers | ||||||
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 96.62 ± 18.89 | 99.37 ± 32.45 | 0.306 | 99.07 ± 32.70 | 100.53 ± 31.57 | 0.670 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 194.10 ± 37.10 | 196.15 ± 36.83 | 0.534 | 195.32 ± 35.19 | 199.37 ± 42.62 | 0.296 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 116.53 ± 28.96 | 118.69 ± 32.15 | 0.451 | 117.04 ± 31.34 | 124.95 ± 34.53 | 0.019 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 56.65 ± 21.11 | 56.18 ± 15.82 | 0.760 | 57.34 ± 15.68 | 51.76 ± 15.66 | 0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 110.99 ± 56.38 | 107.71 ± 66.59 | 0.570 | 105.99 ± 56.31 | 114.35 ± 96.58 | 0.377 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | ||||||
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus | 3.4 | 9.0 | 0.040 | 78.4 | 11.3 | 0.351 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 11.2 | 11.8 | 12.4 | 9.3 | ||
| Hypertension (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 58.9 | 48.6 | 0.022 | 51.2 | 40.2 | 0.037 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 39.3 | 36.2 | 0.444 | 36.2 | 36.4 | 0.957 |
| Subclinical vascular biomarkers | ||||||
| Peripheral SBP (mmHg) | 127.58 ± 15.66 | 124.68 ± 15.84 | 0.029 | 125.12 ± 15.98 | 123.03 ± 15.24 | 0.150 |
| Central SBP (mmHg) | 117.23 ± 15.27 | 114.188 ± 16.59 | 0.027 | 114.49 ± 16.98 | 113.06 ± 15.03 | 0.346 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 77.88 ± 9.77 | 75.50 ± 8.97 | 0.002 | 75.42 ± 8.87 | 75.82 ± 9.37 | 0.631 |
| PWV (m/s) | 8.39 ± 1.78 | 8.27 ± 2.00 | 0.491 | 8.36 ± 2.07 | 7.94 ± 1.69 | 0.023 |
| AIx@75 (%) | 26.76 ± 11.85 | 25.78 ± 13.16 | 0.367 | 26.61 ± 12.96 | 22.63 ± 13.46 | 0.001 |
| right IMT (mm) | 0.68 ± 0.15 | 0.68 ± 0.15 | 0.789 | 0.68 ± 0.15 | 0.67 ± 0.15 | 0.252 |
| left IMT (mm) | 0.73 ± 0.17 | 0.71 ± 0.16 | 0.182 | 0.72 ± 0.17 | 0.70 ± 0.16 | 0.253 |
| Existence of plaques (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 57.9 | 48.1 | 0.020 | 47.7 | 49.7 | 0.671 |
| Existence of carotid plaques (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 42.7 | 36.4 | 0.119 | 35.7 | 39.1 | 0.439 |
| Existence of femoral plaques (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 43.3 | 35.1 | 0.044 | 34.8 | 36.4 | 0.708 |
dTEI: total energy intake, BMI: body mass index, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG: triglycerides, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, PWV: pulse wave velocity, AIx: augmentation index, IMT: intima media thickness. Regarding numbers, bold indicates statistically significant results.