Table 2.
Dietary intake between non-systematic late-night food consumption, systematic late-night food consumption, late-night food consumption of <40% of dTEI and late-night overeating.
| Non-Systematic Late-Night Food Consumers (n = 178) |
Systematic Late-Night Food Consumers (n = 723) |
p-Value | Systematic Late-Night Eaters (n = 572) | Systematic Late-Night Overeaters (n = 151) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total energy consumption after 19:00 (Kcal) | 415.75 ± 340.63 | 523.00 ± 375.74 | 0.001 | 405.31 ± 227.45 | 968.84 ± 478.90 | 0.000 |
| Energy from CHO after 19:00 (%) | 41.77 ± 9.89 | 42.33 ± 9.69 | 0.490 | 42.71 ± 9.36 | 40.91 ± 10.77 | 0.043 |
| Energy from PRO after 19:00 (%) | 16.51 ± 4.96 | 17.30 ± 4.96 | 0.058 | 17.35 ± 5.06 | 17.08 ± 4.59 | 0.549 |
| Energy from FAT after 19:00 (%) | 40.68 ± 10.36 | 39.64 ± 8.78 | 0.174 | 39.78 ± 8.74 | 39.12 ± 8.95 | 0.414 |
| dTEI (Kcal) | 1767.79 ± 742.20 | 1694.95 ± 608.26 | 0.172 | 1644.39 ± 558.02 | 1886.45 ± 740.84 | 0.000 |
| Food groups | ||||||
| Low fat dairy products (250 mL milk or soy milk, 1 cup of yogurt) | 0.39 ± 0.62 | 0.37 ± 0.55 | 0.712 | 0.25 ± 0.40 | 0.20 ± 0.42 | 0.001 |
| Full fat dairy products (250 mL milk, 1 cup of yogurt) | 0.18 ± 0.36 | 0.19 ± 0.40 | 0.695 | 0.20 ± 0.42 | 0.15 ± 0.33 | 0.146 |
| Vegetables (e.g., 1 medium tomato or pepper, ½ cup of cabbage or peas or lettuce or spinach) | 2.21 ± 1.87 | 2.44 ± 1.88 | 0.139 | 2.44 ± 1.77 | 2.45 ± 2.25 | 0.933 |
| Legumes cooked and drained (½ cup) | 0.41 ± 0.83 | 0.26 ± 0.59 | 0.006 | 0.27 ± 0.60 | 0.21 ± 0.51 | 0.244 |
| Fruits (e.g., 1 medium apple or peach or orange or pear, 1 cup of strawberries or melon) and fresh juice (½ cup) | 1.62 ± 1.89 | 1.46 ± 1.45 | 0.228 | 1.53 ± 1.45 | 1.20 ± 1.46 | 0.014 |
| Processed juices (½ cup) | 0.06 ± 0.24 | 0.08 ± 0.34 | 0.512 | 0.08 ± 0.35 | 0.08 ± 0.32 | 0.950 |
| Refined grains (e.g., 30 g of white bread, ½ cup rice or pasta, 2 rusks) | 2.93 ±2.40 | 2.98 ± 2.35 | 0.810 | 2.80 ± 2.26 | 3.66 ± 2.57 | 0.000 |
| Whole grains (e.g., 30 g of whole wheat bread, ½ cup brown or wild rice or whole wheat pasta, 2 rusks) | 1.00 ± 1.45 | 1.07 ± 1.39 | 0.559 | 1.08 ± 1.40 | 1.01 ± 1.31 | 0.563 |
| Danishes (1 medium slice) | 0.13 ± 0.28 | 0.11 ± 0.29 | 0.545 | 0.11 ± 0.28 | 0.13 ± 0.32 | 0.462 |
| Low fat cheese (30 g) | 0.13 ± 0.34 | 0.23 ± 0.51 | 0.012 | 0.21 ± 0.45 | 0.31 ± 0.70 | 0.037 |
| Full fat cheese (30 g or 1 slice) | 0.78 ± 0.97 | 0.99 ± 1.15 | 0.027 | 0.96 ± 1.15 | 1.10 ± 1.15 | 0.185 |
| Dressings, full fat or light (1 tbs) | 0.12 ± 0.38 | 0.12 ± 0.40 | 0.994 | 0.11 ± 0.36 | 0.19 ± 0.50 | 0.023 |
| Light soft drinks (250 mL) | 0.03 ± 0.16 | 0.07 ± 0.29 | 0.057 | 0.07 ± 0.28 | 0.09 ± 0.36 | 0.337 |
| Soft drinks with sugar (250 mL) | 0.08 ± 0.26 | 0.07 ± 0.25 | 0.676 | 0.06 ± 0.23 | 0.11 ± 0.32 | 0.026 |
| Low fat sweets (e.g., 1 ice cream 0%, 1 cup of fruit gel) | 0.06 ± 0.32 | 0.07 ± 0.28 | 0.881 | 0.06 ± 0.25 | 0.09 ± 0.42 | 0.334 |
| Sweets rich in sugar and saturated fat (e.g., 1 slice of cake, 1 ice cream) | 0.65 ± 1.01 | 0.69 ± 0.94 | 0.639 | 0.71 ± 0.93 | 0.62 ± 0.98 | 0.344 |
| Sugar (1 tsp) | 0.94 ± 1.32 | 0.78 ± 1.27 | 0.137 | 0.76 ± 1.27 | 0.84 ± 1.27 | 0.462 |
| Sugar substitutes, honey, jam (1 tsp) | 0.37 ± 0.93 | 0.62 ± 1.10 | 0.005 | 0.65 ± 1.13 | 0.53 ± 0.97 | 0.238 |
| Snacks (1 cup of chips, crackers or popcorn) | 0.05 ± 0.22 | 0.04 ± 0.24 | 0.787 | 0.04 ± 0.23 | 0.07 ± 0.26 | 0.131 |
| High alcohol drinks (e.g., 30 mL of gin, vodka, whiskey, rum) | 0.18 ± 0.74 | 0.14 ± 0.65 | 0.487 | 0.13 ± 0.69 | 0.17 ± 0.50 | 0.477 |
dTEI: total energy intake, CHO: carbohydrates, PRO: proteins, tbs: tablespoon, tsp: teaspoon. Regarding numbers, bold indicates statistically significant results.