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. 2022 Jan 21;14(3):470. doi: 10.3390/nu14030470

Table 2.

Dietary intake between non-systematic late-night food consumption, systematic late-night food consumption, late-night food consumption of <40% of dTEI and late-night overeating.

Non-Systematic Late-Night Food Consumers
(n = 178)
Systematic Late-Night Food Consumers
(n = 723)
p-Value Systematic Late-Night Eaters (n = 572) Systematic Late-Night Overeaters
(n = 151)
p-Value
Total energy consumption after 19:00 (Kcal) 415.75 ± 340.63 523.00 ± 375.74 0.001 405.31 ± 227.45 968.84 ± 478.90 0.000
Energy from CHO after 19:00 (%) 41.77 ± 9.89 42.33 ± 9.69 0.490 42.71 ± 9.36 40.91 ± 10.77 0.043
Energy from PRO after 19:00 (%) 16.51 ± 4.96 17.30 ± 4.96 0.058 17.35 ± 5.06 17.08 ± 4.59 0.549
Energy from FAT after 19:00 (%) 40.68 ± 10.36 39.64 ± 8.78 0.174 39.78 ± 8.74 39.12 ± 8.95 0.414
dTEI (Kcal) 1767.79 ± 742.20 1694.95 ± 608.26 0.172 1644.39 ± 558.02 1886.45 ± 740.84 0.000
Food groups
Low fat dairy products (250 mL milk or soy milk, 1 cup of yogurt) 0.39 ± 0.62 0.37 ± 0.55 0.712 0.25 ± 0.40 0.20 ± 0.42 0.001
Full fat dairy products (250 mL milk, 1 cup of yogurt) 0.18 ± 0.36 0.19 ± 0.40 0.695 0.20 ± 0.42 0.15 ± 0.33 0.146
Vegetables (e.g., 1 medium tomato or pepper, ½ cup of cabbage or peas or lettuce or spinach) 2.21 ± 1.87 2.44 ± 1.88 0.139 2.44 ± 1.77 2.45 ± 2.25 0.933
Legumes cooked and drained (½ cup) 0.41 ± 0.83 0.26 ± 0.59 0.006 0.27 ± 0.60 0.21 ± 0.51 0.244
Fruits (e.g., 1 medium apple or peach or orange or pear, 1 cup of strawberries or melon) and fresh juice (½ cup) 1.62 ± 1.89 1.46 ± 1.45 0.228 1.53 ± 1.45 1.20 ± 1.46 0.014
Processed juices (½ cup) 0.06 ± 0.24 0.08 ± 0.34 0.512 0.08 ± 0.35 0.08 ± 0.32 0.950
Refined grains (e.g., 30 g of white bread, ½ cup rice or pasta, 2 rusks) 2.93 ±2.40 2.98 ± 2.35 0.810 2.80 ± 2.26 3.66 ± 2.57 0.000
Whole grains (e.g., 30 g of whole wheat bread, ½ cup brown or wild rice or whole wheat pasta, 2 rusks) 1.00 ± 1.45 1.07 ± 1.39 0.559 1.08 ± 1.40 1.01 ± 1.31 0.563
Danishes (1 medium slice) 0.13 ± 0.28 0.11 ± 0.29 0.545 0.11 ± 0.28 0.13 ± 0.32 0.462
Low fat cheese (30 g) 0.13 ± 0.34 0.23 ± 0.51 0.012 0.21 ± 0.45 0.31 ± 0.70 0.037
Full fat cheese (30 g or 1 slice) 0.78 ± 0.97 0.99 ± 1.15 0.027 0.96 ± 1.15 1.10 ± 1.15 0.185
Dressings, full fat or light (1 tbs) 0.12 ± 0.38 0.12 ± 0.40 0.994 0.11 ± 0.36 0.19 ± 0.50 0.023
Light soft drinks (250 mL) 0.03 ± 0.16 0.07 ± 0.29 0.057 0.07 ± 0.28 0.09 ± 0.36 0.337
Soft drinks with sugar (250 mL) 0.08 ± 0.26 0.07 ± 0.25 0.676 0.06 ± 0.23 0.11 ± 0.32 0.026
Low fat sweets (e.g., 1 ice cream 0%, 1 cup of fruit gel) 0.06 ± 0.32 0.07 ± 0.28 0.881 0.06 ± 0.25 0.09 ± 0.42 0.334
Sweets rich in sugar and saturated fat (e.g., 1 slice of cake, 1 ice cream) 0.65 ± 1.01 0.69 ± 0.94 0.639 0.71 ± 0.93 0.62 ± 0.98 0.344
Sugar (1 tsp) 0.94 ± 1.32 0.78 ± 1.27 0.137 0.76 ± 1.27 0.84 ± 1.27 0.462
Sugar substitutes, honey, jam (1 tsp) 0.37 ± 0.93 0.62 ± 1.10 0.005 0.65 ± 1.13 0.53 ± 0.97 0.238
Snacks (1 cup of chips, crackers or popcorn) 0.05 ± 0.22 0.04 ± 0.24 0.787 0.04 ± 0.23 0.07 ± 0.26 0.131
High alcohol drinks (e.g., 30 mL of gin, vodka, whiskey, rum) 0.18 ± 0.74 0.14 ± 0.65 0.487 0.13 ± 0.69 0.17 ± 0.50 0.477

dTEI: total energy intake, CHO: carbohydrates, PRO: proteins, tbs: tablespoon, tsp: teaspoon. Regarding numbers, bold indicates statistically significant results.