Table 1.

Effects of genistein in in vivo models of selected disorders.

Disease	Models	Period	Genistein Dosage and Administration	Plasma Concentration of Genistein	Main Results	Year Published	Reference
Cataracts	Cataract induced by galactose-rich diet in male Long–Evans rats	4 weeks	15 mg/kg body weight oral gavage	N/A	1. Genistein treatment did not prevent cataract formation 2. Score and extent of cataracts↓ 3. Serum glucose↓ 4. Serum testosterone↑	2007	[79]
Cataracts	Male hereditary cataractous ICR/f rat	85 days	0.018% and 0.2% in the diet (as an aglycone or β-glucoside)	0.018% Genistein: 113.4 ± 63.2 nmol/L 0.20% Genistein: 2138.1 ± 720.8 nmol/L NovaSoy®200: 120.9 ± 107.3 nmol/L SPI: 72.5 ± 38.9 nmol/L	1. Acceleration of early stages of cataractogenesis	2011	[80]
Cystic fibrosis	F508del-CF male and female mouse	45 days	600 mg genistein/kg in the diet	N/A	1. Female survival rate↑ 2. Male body weight↑ 3. SGLT-1 expression↑	2018	[94]
NAFLD	High-fat high-sucrose diet-fed SPF male Sprague-Dawley rats	12 weeks	0.1% and 0.2% in the diet	N/A	1. NAFLD activity score↓ 2. Body weight↑, liver index↓ 3. Liver and serum TG↓, TC↓; LDL-C, HDL-C had no difference 4. ALT↓, AST↓ 5. Blood glucose did not change significantly; insulin↓, HOMA-IR↓ 6. Liver TNFα↓, serum endotoxin↓, TLR4↓	2019	[113]
NAFLD	High-energy and low-protein diet-fed Hy-Line Brown laying hens	90 days	40 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg in the diet	N/A	1. Hepatic steatosis↓, NAFLD activity score↓ 2. ALT↓, AST↓ 3. Serum TG↓, TC↓, LDL-C↓, HDL-C↑ 4. Expression of AMPKα↑, CPT-1↑, PPARα↑ mRNA levels; ACC↓, FAS↓, SCD-1↓, SREBP-1↓, LPL↓ and Cd36↓ 5. Restored insulin sensitivity 6. mRNA and protein levels of NLRP3↓, caspase-1↓, IL-18↓, IL-1β↓ 7. Up-regulation of ERα in dose-dependent effect, no changes in ERβ expression	2021	[114]
NAFLD	High-fat diet-fed male C57BL/6 mice	3 months	0.2% in the diet (alone and in combination with metformin)	N/A	1. Body and liver weight↓ 2. Blood glucose↓, plasma insulin↓, HOMA-IR↓; ameliorated glucose tolerance 3. ALT↓, AST↓, liver and plasma TG↓; reduced steatosis 4. Expression of FAS↓, CPT1↑, SREBP-1c↓ (combination of metformin and genistein) 5. NAFLD activity score↓ 6. Liver phospho-AMPK protein level↑, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, NF-κB p65 protein level↓ 7. Hepatic expression level of PEPCK↓ and G6Pase↓; hepatic GSK-3β phosphorylation↑	2020	[115]
NAFLD	High-fat high-fructose diet-fed ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats	5 weeks	16 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide oral gavage	N/A	1. Body weight did not change significantly 2. Hepatic MMP-12 expression↓, level of HDAC3 expression↓, IL-13↓ 3. NASH activity score↓	2021	[119]
NAFLD	High-fat high-fructose diet-fed ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats	8 weeks	16 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 1 mL 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide oral gavage	N/A	1. Improved liver steatosis 2. Hepatic MDA level↓ 3. Hepatic TG↓, FFA↓ 4. PPARγ↓, adiponectin↑	2021	[118]
NAFLD	High-fat diet-fed lipopolysaccharide-injected female ICR mice	1 month	100 mg/kg in the diet	N/A	1. Liver weight index↓ 2. Hepatic TNFα↓, IL6↓, IL1β↓ 3. Expression of miR-451↑, Cab39↓ 4. NASH activity score↓	2019	[120]
Diabetes	High-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J female mice	8 weeks	2 g/kg diet	N/A	1. Body weight↓ 2. Blood glucose levels↓, serum insulin level did not change significantly, HOMA-IR↓ 3. Serum TG↓, LDL-C↓, FFA↓; TC and HDL-C did not change significantly 4. Up-regulated genes: Per1, c-Fos, Calm1, Gng5 5. Down-regulated genes: Grin1, Cacna1g, Kir3.1, Adcy4, Gucy1a2	2019	[150]
Diabetes	High-fat diet-fed streptozotocin-injected female Wistar rats	4 weeks	10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg in the diet	N/A	1. Blood glucose↓, serum insulin level↑, HOMA-IR↓ 2. Cholesterol↓, triglyceride↓, LDL↓, VLDL↓, HDL↑ 3. Regeneration of β-cells	2020	[151]
Diabetes	High-fat diet-fed streptozotocin-injected male C57BL/6 mice	8 weeks	250 mg/kg diet	N/A	1. Body weight, major organ weight did not change significantly 2. Fasting blood glucose↓ 3. TC, TG, HDL-C did not change significantly 4. β-cell mass improved	2012	[152]