Table 10.

The related studies of PECS applications with ASD.

A_ID	Year	Type	Country	Participants	Num_Phases	Evaluation Time	Device Type	Intervention	Research Strategy	Methodology	Limitations
P_1 [112]	2015	Journal	Taiwan	11	3	four-week	Tablets	Child-computer interaction	Experiment	Qualitative	The study was based on the concept of PECS, not the application of stages
P_2 [113]	2016	Journal	n.d.	n.d.	3	n.d.	Mobile devices	Augmented reality	quasi-experimental	Qualitative	Conducted on children between the ages of 6 and 11 years. Is long-term use of mobile phones leads to further isolate the child? The evaluation time is short.
P_3 [114]	2018	Journal	n.d.	4	6	n.d.	Mobile devices	Augmented reality	Case study	Qualitative	Using virtual reality instead of augmented reality as the interfaces illustrate this.
P_4 [115]	2018	Journal	Indonesia	12	4	n.d.	smart phones	Augmented reality	experimental	qualitative	Use the traditional PIECE image. The time for an experiment is not clear.
P_5 [116]	2018	Journal	Indonesia	n.d.	4	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	quasi-experimental	Quantitative	Lacks expressions of encouragement and attraction to the child
P_6 [117]	2019	Conference	South America	9	3	n.d.	Mobile devices	TEACCH Methodology And Autisdata software	experimental	qualitative	I lack attraction and encouragement in the app
P_7 [118]	2018	Journal	n.d.	n.d.	4	n.d.	Mobile devices	n.d.	experimental	Qualitative	The pull-out process can be complicated for a child The images used are not interactive
P_8 [119]	2019	Conference	n.d.	4	4	n.d.	Mobile devices	Goal-Directed Design (GDD) method	experimental	Qualitative	The time is long in long sentences, which causes boredom for children
P_9 [120]	2017	Conference	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	Mobile devices	Aided Learning (CAL), and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Mobile Instant Messaging (MIM)	experimental	Qualitative	Only the PECS concept was used and not all stages were implemented