Table 7.
Extraction Technique | Cost, T, and P | Solvent Type/Solvent Consumption/Extraction Time | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soxhlet | low cost boiling point of solvent atm. pressure |
organic solvent 60–500 mL 6–24 h |
It does not require filtration; samples in large amounts; easy to operate; does not depend on the matrix | Extraction time is long; large consumption of solvents; sample must be preconcentrated after extraction | [47,48] |
supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) | high cost 70–150 °C 15–50 MPa |
CO2 10–40 mL 30–60 min |
Friendly to the environment because it is not toxic; extraction is fast; uses little solvent; does not require filtration | Sample size limited; dependent on the matrix and analyte | [49] |
ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) |
low cost 30–35 °C Atm. pressure |
organic solvent 30–100 mL 30–60 min |
Fast and easy to operate; large amount of sample; does not depend on the matrix | Risk of being exposed to the solvent vapour; large amount of solvent, labour intensive; requires filter | [45,46] |
microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) | moderate cost 100–150 °C Atm. pressure |
organic solvent 10–40 mL 20–30 min |
Uses small solvent and is fast full control of extraction parameters | Filtration required; solvent must be polar; exhaustive extraction | [48] |
Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) | high cost 100–150 °C 7–15 MPa |
organic solvent 10–60 mL 10–60 min |
Uses small solvent and is fast; does not require filtration and is easy to use | Extraction efficiency dependent on matrix | [45,50] |
subcritical water extraction (SWE) | moderate cost 200–300 °C 5 MPa |
water 30–60 mL 30–60 min |
Uses water, which is non-toxic, fast, friendly to the environment; uses little solvent |
Optimization of operating conditions required | [45] |
T = temperature, P = pressure, atm. pressure = atmospheric pressure.