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. 2022 Jan 18;27(3):618. doi: 10.3390/molecules27030618

Table 8.

Comparison of various analytical methods for OP and CM pesticides.

Analytical Methods Advantages Disadvantages References
electrochemical Quick and simple measurements
Good detection limits
Easy sample preparation
Small amount of sample (up to 50 μL using screen printed electrodes)
Total reducing power
Not selective to a family of molecules unless the electrode is modified
[73]
surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
(SERS)
High sensitivity, simple and rapid, label free Lack of active substrates, poor portability, poor reproducibility, limitations on batch fabrication, high cost [74]
solid-phase microextraction (SPME) Allows attainment of satisfactory LODs and cleaner chromatograms for volatile analytes
SPME in combination with GC/MS or LC is a solvent-free or almost solvent-free procedure, obviating the need for further preparation steps
SPME fibres are not uniformly sensitive to all compounds [75,76]
GC–MS Very good recovery value
Sensitive method
Not capable of directly analysing compounds that are nonvolatile, polar, or thermally labile [77,78]
GC–µECD Very good for determination of organophosphorus pesticides
Highly sensitive
Low detection limit
Only volatile compounds can be analysed [79]
thin-layer chromatography (TLC) Equipment needed is inexpensive
Convenient and simple to use
Consumes smaller amounts of solvents
Preparative applications are limited.
Oxidation may occur if the TLC plate is stored for a while since a large surface is exposed to atmospheric oxygen
[80]
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) High quality separations are achievable
Coupling with MS is well established
More time-consuming and expensive [80]