Table 8.

Comparison of various analytical methods for OP and CM pesticides.

Analytical Methods	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
electrochemical	Quick and simple measurements Good detection limits Easy sample preparation Small amount of sample (up to 50 μL using screen printed electrodes)	Total reducing power Not selective to a family of molecules unless the electrode is modified	[73]
surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)	High sensitivity, simple and rapid, label free	Lack of active substrates, poor portability, poor reproducibility, limitations on batch fabrication, high cost	[74]
solid-phase microextraction (SPME)	Allows attainment of satisfactory LODs and cleaner chromatograms for volatile analytes SPME in combination with GC/MS or LC is a solvent-free or almost solvent-free procedure, obviating the need for further preparation steps	SPME fibres are not uniformly sensitive to all compounds	[75,76]
GC–MS	Very good recovery value Sensitive method	Not capable of directly analysing compounds that are nonvolatile, polar, or thermally labile	[77,78]
GC–µECD	Very good for determination of organophosphorus pesticides Highly sensitive Low detection limit	Only volatile compounds can be analysed	[79]
thin-layer chromatography (TLC)	Equipment needed is inexpensive Convenient and simple to use Consumes smaller amounts of solvents	Preparative applications are limited. Oxidation may occur if the TLC plate is stored for a while since a large surface is exposed to atmospheric oxygen	[80]
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)	High quality separations are achievable Coupling with MS is well established	More time-consuming and expensive	[80]