Table 1.
The main chemical constituents of red ginger.
| Name | Chemical Structure |
|---|---|
| Vanilloids | |
| 6-Gingerol |
|
| 8-Gingerol |
|
| 10-Gingerol |
|
| 6-Shogaol |
|
| 8-Shogaol |
|
| 10-Shogaol |
|
| (3S,5S)-[6]-Gingerdiol |
|
| [6]-Gingerdiol 3S,5S-diacetate |
|
| (3R,5S)-[6]-Gingerdiol |
|
| [6]-Gingerdiol 3R,5S-diacetate |
|
| (3S,5S)-[8]-Gingerdiol |
|
| [8]-Gingerdiol 3S,5S-diacetate |
|
| (3R,5S)-[8]-Gingerdiol |
|
| [8]-Gingerdiol 3R,5S-diacetate |
|
| (3S,5S)-[10]-Gingerdiol |
|
| [10]-Gingerdiol 3S,5S-diacetate |
|
| (3R,5S)-[10]-Gingerdiol |
|
| [10]-Gingerdiol 3R,5S-diacetate |
|
| 5-Methoxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-decanone |
|
| 5-Methoxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-tetradecanone: |
|
| 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3,5-decanediol |
|
| 4-Gingeracetate |
|
| 3-Hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-decanone |
|
| 3,5-Diacetoxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)decane |
|
| 1-Dehydro-6-gingerdione |
|
| 6-Dehydro-gingerdione |
|
| Hexahydro-curcumin |
|
| Monoterpenes | |
| Tricyclene |
|
| α-Pinene |
|
| Camphene |
|
| Sabinene |
|
| β-pinene |
|
| α-Phellandrene |
|
| p-Cymene |
|
| β-Phellandrene |
|
| γ-Terpinene |
|
| Terpinolene |
|
| Linalool |
|
| trans-3(10)-Caren-2-ol |
|
| 1,1-Dimethyl-3-methylene2-vinylcyclohexane |
|
| 2-Methoxy-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2,2,1] heptane |
|
| Citronellal |
|
| Camphor |
|
| Borneol/Isoborneol |
|
| 1-Terpinen-4-ol |
|
| α-Terpineol |
|
| Myrtenal |
|
| Citronellol |
|
| Neral/Z-citral |
|
| citral |
|
| trans-Geraniol |
|
| cis-p-Menth-2,8-dienol |
|
| Geranial |
|
| Cyclosativene |
|
| Eucalyptol/1,8-Cineole |
|
| Geranyl acetate |
|
| Bornyl acetate |
|
| Myrcene |
|
| Dipentene/Limonene |
|
| Neryl acetate |
|
| Camphene hydrate |
|
| Pulegone |
|
| Citronellyl acetate |
|
| trans-nerolidol |
|
| (-)-δ-3-carene |
|
| cis-β-Ocimene |
|
| trans-Sabinene hydrate |
|
| Linalyl formate |
|
| Myrtenyl acetate |
|
| Sesquiterpenes | |
| α-Copaene |
|
| β-Elemene |
|
| α-trans-Bergamotene |
|
| β-Cubebene |
|
| β-Farnesene |
|
| Cedrene |
|
| Allo-aromadendrene |
|
| β-Himachalene |
|
| α-Curcumene |
|
| Zingiberene |
|
| α-Farnesene |
|
| β-Bisabolene |
|
| β-Sesquiphellandrene |
|
| α-Panasinsen |
|
| Germacrene B |
|
| epi-Globulol |
|
| Cubenol |
|
| τ-Eudesmol |
|
| Caryophyllene oxide |
|
| τ-Muurolol |
|
| α-Cadinol |
|
| Spathulenol |
|
| Cedr-8-ene |
|
| β-Cedren-9-α-ol |
|
| Farnesal |
|
| δ-Elemene |
|
| α-Caryophyllene |
|
| β-Caryophyllene |
|
| Bisabolene |
|
| α-Humulene |
|
| β-funebrene |
|
| Sesquithujene |
|
| Calarene/Beta-gurjunene |
|
| cis-nerolidol |
|
| Elemol |
|
| β-Atlantone |
|
| β-Eudesmol |
|
| β-Bisabolol |
|
| 4-(1,5-Dimethylhex-4-enyl)cyclohex-2-enone |
|
| (2Z,6E)-Farnesol |
|
| (2Z,6Z)-Farnesol |
|
| (2E,6E)-Farnesol |
|
| Isocaryophyllene |
|
| α-Humulene |
|
| Germacrene D |
|
| α-Selinene |
|
| α-Muurolene |
|
| δ-Cadinene |
|
| γ-Eudesmol |
|
| α-Bisabolol |
|
| Caryophyllenol |
|
| Diterpene | |
| Phytol |
|
| Flavonoids | |
| Rutin |
|
| Apigenin |
|
| Myricetin |
|
| Naringenin |
|
| Fisetin |
|
| Morin |
|
| Flavylium/Anthocyanin |
|
| Quercetin |
|
| (−)-Epicatechin |
|
| (+)- Catechin |
|
| Kaempferol |
|
| Naringenin |
|
| Organic acids | |
| Salicylic acid |
|
| Cinnamic acid |
|
| Gallic acid |
|
| Vanillic acid |
|
| Ferulic acid |
|
| Tannic acid |
|
| Caffeic acid |
|
| Ethyl cinnamate |
|
| Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate |
|
| (2R,4S,5R)-2-(Acetoxymethyl)-6-(2-methoxy-4-((E)-3-oxodec-4-en-1-yl)phenoxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate |
|
| (E)-1-(3-Methoxy-4-(((3R,4S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)phenyl)dec-4-en-3-one |
|
| (2R,4S,5R)-2-(Acetoxymethyl)-6-(4-(5-hydroxy-3-oxodecyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate |
|
| 5-Hydroxy-1-(3-methoxy-4-(((3R,4S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)phenyl)decan-3-one |
|
| Amino acids | |
| Glutamine |
|
| Histidine |
|
| Glutamic acid |
|
| Threonine |
|
| Leucine |
|
| Lysine |
|
| Valine |
|
| Tyrosine |
|
| Miscellaneous | |
| 2-Undecanone |
|
| 2-Heptanol |
|
| Octanal |
|
| (E)-2-Octenal |
|
| 3,4-Dimethyl styrene |
|
| Naphthalene |
|
| Cumene Isopropylbenzene |
|
| 6-Hepten-3-one |
|
| Naphthalene |
|
| Tridecane |
|
| 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-oneSulcatone |
|
| Nonanone |
|
| 2-Heptyl acetate |
|
| Trans-2-decenal |
|