Table 3.
Factors associated with mechanical ventilation or death for 296 patients hospitalized for confirmed COVID-19: Cox proportional analyses.
|
n/N (%)a |
Univariate |
Multivariate |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 95/296 | Crude HR | P-value | Adjusted HR | P-value | |
| Age (years) | |||||
| [< 60[ | 18/94 (19%) | Ref | 0.0992 | Ref | 0.0563 |
| [60–80[ | 36/113 (32%) | 1.4 [0.8–2.5] | 1.5 [0.8–2.7] | ||
| [> 80] | 41/89 (46%) | 1.8 [1.1–3.2] | 2.2 [1.2–4.1] | ||
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 39/118 (33%) | Ref | 0.7645 | – | |
| Male | 56/178 (32%) | 0.9 [0.6–1.4] | |||
| Continent of birth | |||||
| Europe | 57/172 (33%) | Ref | 0.9529 | – | |
| Northwest Africa | 16/50 (32%) | 1.1 [0.6–2.0] | |||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 12/44 (27%) | 0.9 [0.5–1.7] | |||
| Other | 10/30 (33%) | 1.1 [0.5–2.1] | |||
| Housing | |||||
| Own accommodation | 76/244 (31%) | Ref | 0.8421 | – | |
| Other | 19/52 (37%) | 1.1 [0.6–1.7] | |||
| Deprivation index | |||||
| FDEPb | – | 1.0 [0.9–1.1] | 0.9514 | – | |
| French EDIb | – | 1.0 [0.9–1.0] | 0.5063 | – | |
| Preexisting comorbidities | |||||
| Overweight or obesity | 40/100 (40%) | 1.7 [1.1–2.5] | 0.0168 | 2.1 [1.3–3.4] | 0.0042 |
| High blood pressure | 47/134 (35%) | 1.1 [0.7–1.6] | 0.6484 | – | |
| Type 2 diabetes | 26/75 (35%) | 1.0 [0.7–1.6] | 0.8982 | – | |
| Chronic cardiovascular disease | 33/74 (45%) | 1.7 [1.1–2.6] | 0.0141 | NR | |
| Neuropsychiatric disorder | 31/79 (39%) | 1.1 [0.7–1.7] | 0.7566 | – | |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 20/53 (38%) | 1.3 [0.8–2.1] | 0.3288 | – | |
| Cancer | 10/32 (31%) | 0.9 [0.5–1.7] | 0.7196 | – | |
| ≥ one comorbidity other than being overweight or obese | 85/233 (37%) | 2.2 [1.2–4.3] | 0.0163 | – | |
| Clinical | |||||
| Desaturation at admission | 75/180 (42%) | 2.5 [1.5–4.0] | < 0.0001 | 2.2 [1.3–3.8] | 0.0026 |
| Chest CT scan | |||||
| Not performed | 12/25 (48%) | 2.8 [1.4–5.4] | 0.0020 | 2.4 [1.2–4.8] | 0.0020 |
| Minor lesions | 35/150 (23%) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Major lesions | 48/121 (40%) | 1.8 [1.2–2.8] | 2.2 [1.3–3.5] | ||
| Biology | |||||
| Lymphocyte countc | |||||
| < 500/mm3 | 40/76 (53%) | 8.3 [2.0–33.3] | 0.0026 | NR | |
| ≥ 500/mm3 | 55/220 (25%) | Ref | |||
| Systemic inflammationd | |||||
| CRP peak < 100 | 15/120 (13%) | Ref | < 0.0001 | Ref | < 0.0001 |
| CRP peak [100; 200[ | 29/90 (32%) | 2.3 [1.2–4.2] | 2.5 [1.3–4.6] | ||
| CRP peak ≥ 200 | 22/39 (56%) | 4.3 [2.2–8.4] | 3.3 [1.7–6.4] | ||
| No measurement | 29/47 (62%) | 12.5 [6.6–23.8] | 9.3 [4.6–18.5] | ||
| Acute kidney failurec | 23/34 (68%) | 2.1 [1.3–3.3] | 0.0027 | 2.0 [1.2–3.3] | 0.0077 |
| Treatment | |||||
| Antibioticsc | 70/204 (34%) | 0.8 [0.5–1.3] | 0.3285 | – | |
| Corticosteroidsd | 19/82 (23%) | 0.4 [0.2–0.7] | 0.0003 | 0.5 [0.3–0.8] | 0.0075 |
| Hydroxychloroquined | 7/38 (18%) | 0.4 [0.2–1.0] | 0.0586 | 0.8 [0.3–1.8] | 0.5494 |
Data are presented as medians (IQR) or n (%).
FDEP: French Deprivation Index; French EDI: French European Deprivation Index; CT: computed tomography; CRP: C-reactive protein; HR: hazard ratio; Ref: reference; NR: not retained by the model.
a
n occurrences of mechanical ventilation or death within N people at risk (proportion mechanically ventilated or who died within the modality).
b
Hazard ratio is estimated for 1-point increments.
c
At admission.
d
During follow-up (time-dependent covariable).