Table 2:
Linear regression analyses estimating relationships between calculated serum osmolarity (Sosm) and cognitive performance test scores among women and men ≥60 years old, NHANES 2011-2014.a
| Women (n=1,271) b | Men (n=1,235) b | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VARIABLES | CERAD-IR | CERAD-DR | AFT | DSST | CERAD-IR | CERAD-DR | AFT | DSST |
| Calculated Sosm | ||||||||
| 285-289 mmol/L | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| <285 mmol/L | −0.5 (0.5) | −0.03 (0.2) | −0.8 (0.8) | −5.1** (2.3) | −0.7 (0.7) | −0.1 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.9) | −2.5 (2.5) |
| 290-294 mmol/L | −0.3 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.2) | −1.2** (0.5) | −3.5*** (1.2) | 0.8 (0.6) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.8) | 1.6 (1.0) |
| 295-300 mmol/L | −0.2 (0.5) | 0.04 (0.2) | −0.2 (0.6) | −3.2** (1.5) | 0.8* (0.5) | 0.5** (0.2) | 0.5 (0.8) | 2.4* (1.2) |
| >300 mmol/L | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.3) | −1.0 (0.6) | −4.6** (1.8) | 1.9*** (0.7) | 0.9** (0.3) | 0.5 (0.9) | 1.6 (1.4) |
| Age (5 yrs) | −1.0*** (0.1) | −0.5*** (0.1) | −1.1*** (0.1) | −4.7*** (0.3) | −1.0*** (0.1) | −0.5*** (0.1) | −0.9*** (0.2) | −3.7*** (0.3) |
| < High school | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| High school graduate | 1.5*** (0.4) | 0.4* (0.3) | 1.7*** (0.4) | 8.3*** (1.2) | 0.4 (0.4) | −0.3 (0.3) | −0.3 (0.6) | 7.5*** (1.7) |
| Some college | 1.8*** (0.5) | 0.6** (0.2) | 2.6*** (0.3) | 12.2*** (1.3) | 1.9*** (0.5) | 0.6*** (0.2) | 2.4*** (0.6) | 11.6*** (1.2) |
| College graduate+ | 2.9*** (0.4) | 1.1*** (0.3) | 4.8*** (0.5) | 15.1*** (1.6) | 2.0*** (0.6) | 0.5* (0.3) | 3.8*** (0.5) | 16.5*** (1.4) |
| Physical activity (≥150 mins/week) | 0.5* (0.3) | 0.3** (0.1) | 1.1*** (0.3) | 3.1*** (0.8) | 0.3 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.2) | 1.1** (0.5) | 2.9*** (0.9) |
| Sleep, 7-8 hours | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Sleep, ≥6 hours | −0.1 (0.3) | 0.3* (0.1) | −0.2 (0.4) | −0.1 (0.9) | −0.4 (0.4) | 0.01 (0.2) | −0.4 (0.4) | 0.3 (1.1) |
| Sleep, ≥9 hours | −1.1** (0.5) | −0.3 (0.3) | −1.2** (0.5) | −4.8*** (1.4) | −0.7 (0.5) | −1.0*** (0.3) | −0.7 (0.8) | −1.2 (1.1) |
| Diabetes (diagnosed or HbA1c≥6.5%) | −0.8** (0.4) | −0.7*** (0.2) | −0.5 (0.4) | −4.1*** (1.1) | −0.4 (0.3) | −0.3* (0.2) | −0.5 (0.6) | −3.3*** (1.1) |
| Caffeine, 0 mg c | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Caffeine, >0-200 mg c | 0.9* (0.5) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.5) | 2.9** (1.1) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.3) | −0.8 (0.6) | 0.6 (1.2) |
| Caffeine, >200-400 mg c | 1.2** (0.5) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.7) | 5.5*** (1.4) | 0.7 (0.4) | 0.7** (0.3) | 0.2 (0.6) | 1.4 (1.2) |
| Caffeine, >400 mg c | 1.0 (0.6) | 0.4* (0.3) | −0.3 (0.8) | −0.1 (2.0) | 0.1 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.3) | −0.2 (0.7) | −0.8 (1.9) |
| Alcohol, 0 g c | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Alcohol, >0-30 g c | −0.1 (0.5) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.5) | 3.1** (1.4) | −0.1 (0.4) | −0.1 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.5) | 1.0 (1.2) |
| Alcohol, >30 g c | −0.5 (0.7) | −0.5 (0.4) | −0.1 (0.6) | 2.7 (2.2) | −0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.7) | 2.6 (1.6) |
| R-squared | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.31 | 0.48 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.46 |
Standard errors in parentheses
P<0.001,
P<0.05,
P<0.1
Notes: Constant not shown; REF=Reference category; CERAD-IR=Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) Word Learning– Immediate Recall; CERAD-DR=CERAD Word Learning – Delayed Recall; AFT=Animal Fluency Test. DSST=Digit Symbol Substitution Test.
Adjusted for covariates shown and covariates not shown (race/Hispanic origin, time of exam, number of hours between last meal and blood draw, and BMI).
Unweighted sample size
Estimated from one 24 hour-recall on foods and beverages consumed from midnight to midnight the day prior to the exam.