Table 3:
Linear regression analyses estimating relationships between EFSA guidelines on adequate water intake and cognitive performance test scores among women and men ≥60 years old, NHANES 2011-2014.a
| Women (n=1,271) b | Men (n=1,235) b | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VARIABLES | CERAD-IR | CERAD-DR | AFT | DSST | CERAD-IR | CERAD-DR | AFT | DSST |
| Meeting AI c | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Not Meeting AI c | 0.1 (0.3) | −0.1 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.7) | −0.2 (0.3) | 0.01 (0.2) | −0.5 (0.4) | −0.5 (0.9) |
| Age (5 yrs) | −1.0*** (0.1) | −0.5*** (0.1) | −1.1*** (0.1) | −4.8*** (0.3) | −0.9*** (0.1) | −0.5*** (0.1) | −0.9*** (0.2) | −3.5*** (0.2) |
| < High school | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| High school graduate | 1.4*** (0.5) | 0.4 (0.3) | 1.6*** (0.3) | 8.4*** (1.1) | 0.4 (0.4) | −0.2 (0.3) | −0.3 (0.6) | 7.4*** (1.8) |
| Some college | 1.8*** (0.5) | 0.6** (0.3) | 2.6*** (0.3) | 12.4*** (1.3) | 1.9*** (0.5) | 0.6*** (0.2) | 2.3*** (0.7) | 11.5*** (1.1) |
| College graduate+ | 2.8*** (0.5) | 1.0*** (0.3) | 4.7*** (0.5) | 15.2*** (1.6) | 2.1*** (0.7) | 0.5* (0.3) | 3.8*** (0.5) | 16.5*** (1.4) |
| Physical activity (≥150 mins/week) | 0.5* (0.3) | 0.3** (0.1) | 1.0*** (0.3) | 2.9*** (0.8) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.1) | 1.0* (0.5) | 2.8*** (0.9) |
| Sleep, 7-8 hours | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Sleep, ≤6 hours | −0.1 (0.3) | 0.3** (0.1) | −0.2 (0.4) | 0.03 (0.9) | −0.4 (0.4) | −0.00 (0.2) | −0.4 (0.4) | 0.3 (1.2) |
| Sleep, ≥9 hours | −1.1** (0.5) | −0.3 (0.3) | −1.2** (0.5) | −4.9*** (1.4) | −0.7 (0.4) | −1.0*** (0.3) | −0.7 (0.8) | −1.5 (1.1) |
| Diabetes (diagnosed or HbA1c≥6.5%) | −0.6 (0.4) | −0.6*** (0.2) | −0.5 (0.4) | −4.4*** (1.1) | −0.2 (0.3) | −0.2 (0.2) | −0.5 (0.6) | −3.1*** (1.0) |
| Caffeine, 0 mg d | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Caffeine, >0-200 mg d | 0.8* (0.5) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.5) | 2.5** (1.1) | 0.01 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.3) | −0.8 (0.6) | 0.3 (1.2) |
| Caffeine, >200-400 mg d | 1.1** (0.5) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.8 (0.7) | 5.1*** (1.5) | 0.5 (0.4) | 0.7** (0.3) | 0.1 (0.5) | 1.1 (1.2) |
| Caffeine, >400 mg d | 0.8 (0.7) | 0.3 (0.3) | −0.4 (0.9) | −0.7 (2.0) | −0.3 (0.7) | 0.1 (0.3) | −0.4 (0.7) | −1.5 (1.8) |
| Alcohol, 0 g d | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Alcohol, >0-30 g d | −0.2 (0.5) | 0.02 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.5) | 2.7* (1.4) | −0.02 (0.4) | −0.1 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.5) | 1.1 (1.3) |
| Alcohol, >30 g d | −0.6 (0.7) | −0.5 (0.4) | −0.3 (0.7) | 2.4 (2.3) | −0.3 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.7) | 2.3 (1.6) |
| R-squared | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.30 | 0.48 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.45 |
Standard errors in parentheses
P<0.001,
P<0.05,
P<0.1
Notes: Constant not shown. REF=Reference category; CERAD-IR=Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) Word Learning– Immediate Recall; CERAD-DR=CERAD Word Learning – Delayed Recall; AFT=Animal Fluency Test. DSST=Digit Symbol Substitution Test.
Adjusted for covariates shown and covariates not shown (race/Hispanic origin, time of exam, number of hours between last meal and blood draw, BMI, and estimated calorie intake on previous day).
Unweighted sample size
EFSA AIs defined as ≥2 L/day for women and ≥2.5 L/day for men of total water from foods and beverages. Estimated from one 24 hour-recall on foods and beverages consumed from midnight to midnight the day prior to the exam.
Estimated from one 24 hour-recall on foods and beverages consumed from midnight to midnight the day prior to the exam.