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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 13.
Published in final edited form as: Gastroenterology. 2021 Apr 30;161(2):434–452.e15. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.04.064

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

TGF-β signaling pathways. A simplified view of the core of the TGF-β and BMP pathways. X indicates an inhibitory interaction. The ligands are retained as inactive procomplexes, often associated with the ECM, before activation. The classes of various regulators are indicated at each level of the pathways in white boxes.