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. 2022 Feb 13;29:11. doi: 10.1186/s12929-022-00793-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Main pathways activated in early innate anti-viral immunity after HRSV infection. The signaling pathways begin with the recognition of HRSV RNA by RIG-I and TLR3 receptors. The signal is transduced through adaptor proteins (MAVS, TRIF) to TRAF proteins (TRAF3/6), which activate the kinase complexes (NEMO, TBK1, IKKα/β/ε, TAB1, and TAK1), triggering the activation of transcription factors IRF3/7, NF-κB and AP1 to express type I/III IFN, cytokines, and anti-viral genes. The released IFNs binds to their receptors (IFNAR1/IFNAR2) in an autocrine and paracrine manner to induce JAK/STAT-mediated expression of multiple ISGs