Table 1.
Summary characteristics of studies
| Study | Country | Design | Setting | Sample size | Age, mean±SD (y) | Social support assessment | Cut-off score | Degree of social support |
Depression assessment | Cut-off score | Presence of depression |
Diabetes assessment | aOR (95%CI) | Confounding | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | High | No | Yes | |||||||||||||
| Kogan et al., 2007 [25] | USA | Crosssectional | Community-based | 200 | 52.5±6.69 | Social Provisions Scale | NR | 66 | 134 | CES-D | ≥16 | 138 | 62 | Administrative data | 0.98 (0.84, 1.15) | Sex, adequate necessities, neighborhood disadvantage, supportive relationship, relationship with health provider, insulin, diabetes medications, days reporting symptoms of hypoglycemia, hemoglobin A1C, health status |
| Thaneerat et al., 2010 [35] | Thailand | Crosssectional | Hospital-based | 250 | 63.0 | Social Support Questionnaire | NR | 32 | 218 | HADS-D | ≥8 | 180 | 70 | Administrative data | 4.10 (1.78, 9.53) | Education, duration of diabetes, diabetes complications, metabolic syndrome, poor self-care, adherence to treatment |
| Kollannoor-Samuel et al., 2011 [26] | USA | Crosssectional | Hospital-based | 211 | 56.4±11.8 | Social Support Questionnaire | NR | 185 | 16 | CES-D | ≥21 | 106 | 105 | Self-report | 1.02 (0.93, 1.11) | Gender, ethnicity, income, employment, household size, food insecurity, hemoglobin A1c, body mass index, self-rated health status, number of clinical symptoms, number of medications, insulin use |
| El Mahalli, 2015 [27] | Saudi Arabia | Crosssectional | Hospital-based | 260 | 49.87±13.2 | Perceived Social Support Scale | <49 | 44 | 216 | CES-D | ≥15 | 131 | 129 | Administrative data | 2.29 (0.97, 5.38) | Not-married status, poor diabetes mellitus control, duration of diabetes mellitus >20 y |
| Habtewold et al., 2016 [29] | Ethiopia | Crosssectional | Hospital-based | 264 | 55.9±10.9 | Social Support Questionnaire | NR | 95 | 169 | PHQ-9 | ≥5 | 146 | 118 | Self-report | 2.70 (1.50, 5.00) | Sex, income, body mass index, no. of co-morbidities, no. of diabetic complications, physical activity |
| Al-Mohaimeed, 2017 [28] | Saudi Arabia | Crosssectional | Hospital-based | 300 | 18-60 | Social Support Questionnaire | NR | 58 | 242 | HADS | ≥8 | 196 | 104 | Administrative data | 6.62 (2.51, 17.50) | Age, sex, marital status, education, occupation, income, duration diabetes, control |
| Engidaw et al., 2020 [30] | Ethiopia | Crosssectional | Hospital-based | 403 | 46.4±13.3 | Oslo Social Support Scale | <9 | 117 | 286 | PHQ-9 | ≥5 | 317 | 86 | Administrative data | 3.61 (1.76, 7.36) | Residence, physical disability, fasting blood glucose level |
| Gebre et al., 2020 [31] | Ethiopia | Crosssectional | Hospital-based | 260 | 43.8±11.4 | Social Support Questionnaire | NR | 118 | 142 | PHQ-9 | ≥5 | 152 | 108 | Administrative data | 3.68 (1.63, 8.29) | Alcohol intake, loss of someone very close or spouse, not adhering to the recommended dietary regimen, not adhering to physical activity, not adhering to medication, and blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg |
| Jarso et al., 2020 [32] | Ethiopia | Crosssectional | Hospital-based | 397 | 43.6 ±13.2 | Oslo Social Support Scale | <9 | 100 | 297 | HADS-D | ≥8 | 247 | 150 | Administrative data | 1.94 (1.03, 3.67) | Sex, residency, marital educational status, diabetes treatment, presence comorbid, diabetes duration, no. of comorbidities |
| Geleta et al., 2021 [34] | Ethiopia | Crosssectional | Hospital-based | 321 | 41.3±12.8 | Social Support Questionnaire | NR | 124 | 197 | Beck depression inventory | ≥11 | 209 | 112 | Administrative data | 1.70 (1.37, 2.57) | Age, having diabetic complications, levels of lipids and blood glucose |
| Ilori et al., 2021 [33] | Nigeria | Crosssectional | Hospital-based | 273 | 62.1±10.2 | Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support | <3 | 18 | 255 | Zung Self Depression Rating Scale | ≥50 | 198 | 75 | Administrative data | 1.85 (1.08, 3.17) | Physical inactivity and uncontrolled blood glucose |
SD, standard deviation; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; NR, not reported.