Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia
| Characteristics | Ethnic group |
Total | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sumba | Atoni | Manggarai | Others | ||||
| Overall | 452 (30.2) | 483 (32.3) | 493 (33.0) | 67 (4.5) | 1495 (100) | ||
| Gender | 0.055 | ||||||
| Women | 232 (51.3) | 260 (53.8) | 234 (47.5) | 42 (62.7) | 768 (51.4) | ||
| Men | 220 (48.7) | 223 (46.2) | 259 (52.5) | 25 (37.3) | 727 (48.6) | ||
| Age (y) | <0.001 | ||||||
| <30 | 71 (15.7) | 63 (13.0) | 59 (12.0) | 12 (17.9) | 205 (13.7) | ||
| 30-39 | 131 (29.0) | 100 (20.7) | 172 (34.9) | 15 (22.4) | 418 (28.0) | ||
| 40-49 | 123 (27.2) | 121 (25.1) | 110 (22.3) | 17 (25.4) | 371 (24.8) | ||
| 50-59 | 60 (13.3) | 128 (26.5) | 94 (19.1) | 13 (19.4) | 295 (19.7) | ||
| ≥60 | 67 (14.8) | 71 (14.7) | 58 (11.8) | 10 (14.9) | 206 (13.8) | ||
| Level of education | <0.001 | ||||||
| No education | 163 (36.1) | 89 (18.4) | 13 (2.6) | 14 (20.9) | 279 (18.7) | ||
| Primary school | 192 (42.5) | 199 (41.2) | 264 (53.5) | 23 (34.3) | 678 (45.4) | ||
| Junior high school | 40 (8.8) | 93 (19.3) | 86 (17.4) | 10 (14.9) | 229 (15.3) | ||
| Senior high school | 43 (9.5) | 82 (17.0) | 73 (14.8) | 12 (17.9) | 210 (14.0) | ||
| Diploma or above | 14 (3.1) | 20 (4.14) | 57 (11.6) | 8 (11.9) | 99 (6.6) | ||
| Occupation | <0.001 | ||||||
| Housewife | 70 (15.5) | 230 (47.6) | 76 (15.4) | 27 (40.3) | 403 (27.0) | ||
| Farmer | 326 (72.1) | 160 (33.1) | 325 (65.9) | 20 (29.9) | 831 (55.6) | ||
| Entrepreneur | 28 (6.2) | 3 (0.6) | 12 (2.4) | 5 (7.5) | 48 (3.2) | ||
| Other | 14 (3.1) | 38 (7.9) | 5 (1.0) | 5 (7.5) | 62 (4.1) | ||
| Governmental or non-governmental employment | 14 (3.1) | 52 (10.8) | 75 (15.2) | 10 (14.9) | 151 (10.1) | ||
| Socioeconomic status | <0.001 | ||||||
| Low | 146 (32.3) | 103 (21.3) | 192 (38.9) | 8 (11.9) | 449 (30.0) | ||
| Average | 263 (58.2) | 318 (65.8) | 239 (48.5) | 40 (59.7) | 860 (57.5) | ||
| High | 43 (9.5) | 62 (12.8) | 62 (12.6) | 19 (28.4) | 186 (12.4) | ||
| Family size (n) | <0.001 | ||||||
| ≤4 | 187 (41.4) | 347 (71.8) | 235 (47.7) | 34 (50.7) | 803 (53.7) | ||
| >4 | 265 (58.6) | 136 (28.2) | 258 (52.3) | 33 (49.3) | 692 (46.3) | ||
| Household income in relation to the PMW | <0.001 | ||||||
| <PMW | 427 (94.5) | 439 (90.9) | 422 (85.6) | 54 (80.6) | 1342 (89.8) | ||
| ≥PMW | 25 (5.5) | 44 (9.1) | 71 (14.4) | 13 (19.4) | 153 (10.2) | ||
| The nearest health service | <0.001 | ||||||
| Village maternity post | 128 (28.3) | 218 (45.1) | 16 (3.2) | 24 (35.8) | 386 (25.8) | ||
| Village health post | 32 (7.1) | 101 (20.9) | 164 (33.3) | 5 (7.5) | 302 (20.2) | ||
| Subsidiary PHC | 170 (37.6) | 53 (11.0) | 108 (21.9) | 7 (10.4) | 338 (22.6) | ||
| PHC | 122 (27.0) | 111 (23.0) | 205 (41.6) | 31 (46.3) | 469 (31.4) | ||
| Distance to the nearest health facilities (km) | <0.001 | ||||||
| <1 | 164 (36.3) | 259 (53.6) | 132 (26.8) | 23 (34.3) | 578 (38.7) | ||
| 1-2 | 79 (17.5) | 145 (30.0) | 164 (33.3) | 13 (19.4) | 400 (26.8) | ||
| 2-3 | 54 (11.9) | 53 (11.0) | 86 (17.4) | 10 (14.9) | 204 (13.6) | ||
| ≥3 | 155 (34.3) | 26 (5.4) | 111 (22.5) | 21 (31.3) | 313 (20.9) | ||
Values are presented as number (%).
PMW, provincial minimum wage (in 2019: Indonesian rupiah 1 795 000 monthly); PHC, public health centre.