Table 3.
Variations in malaria awareness by socio-demographic and environmental factors of rural adults in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia
| Characteristics | Ethnic group |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sumba |
Atoni |
Manggarai |
Others |
||||||
| No. at risk | Malaria awareness | No. at risk | Malaria awareness | No. at risk | Malaria awareness | No. at risk | Malaria awareness | ||
| Total | 452 | 158 (35.0) | 483 | 211 (43.7) | 493 | 321 (65.1) | 67 | 40 (59.7) | |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Women | 232 | 71 (30.6) | 260 | 93 (35.8) | 234 | 152 (65.0) | 42 | 26 (61.9) | |
| Men | 220 | 87 (39.5) | 223 | 118 (52.9) | 259 | 169 (65.3) | 25 | 14 (56.0) | |
| p-value | 0.046 | <0.001 | 0.946 | 0.634 | |||||
| Age (y) | |||||||||
| <30 | 71 | 23 (32.4) | 63 | 31 (49.2) | 59 | 33 (55.9) | 12 | 5 (41.7) | |
| 30-39 | 131 | 48 (36.6) | 100 | 56 (56.0) | 172 | 120 (69.8) | 15 | 11 (73.3) | |
| 40-49 | 123 | 50 (40.7) | 121 | 53 (43.8) | 110 | 83 (75.5) | 17 | 12 (70.6) | |
| 50-59 | 60 | 22 (36.7) | 128 | 42 (32.8) | 94 | 57 (60.6) | 13 | 7 (53.8) | |
| ≥60 | 67 | 15 (22.4) | 71 | 29 (40.8) | 58 | 28 (48.3) | 10 | 5 (50.0) | |
| p-value | 0.144 | 0.01 | 0.002 | 0.380 | |||||
| Level of education | |||||||||
| No education | 163 | 36 (22.1) | 89 | 34 (38.2) | 13 | 5 (38.5) | 14 | 6 (42.9) | |
| Primary school | 192 | 70 (36.5) | 199 | 56 (28.1) | 264 | 157 (59.5) | 23 | 11 (47.8) | |
| Junior high school | 40 | 16 (40.0) | 93 | 56 (60.2) | 86 | 62 (72.1) | 10 | 7 (70.0) | |
| Senior high school | 43 | 26 (60.5) | 82 | 49 (59.8) | 73 | 51 (69.9) | 12 | 8 (66.7) | |
| Diploma or above | 14 | 10 (71.4) | 20 | 16 (80.0) | 57 | 46 (80.7) | 8 | 8 (100) | |
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.059 | |||||
| Occupation | |||||||||
| Housewife | 70 | 23 (32.9) | 230 | 79 (34.3) | 76 | 41 (53.9) | 27 | 16 (59.3) | |
| Farmer | 326 | 108 (33.1) | 160 | 64 (40.0) | 325 | 217 (66.8) | 20 | 9 (45.0) | |
| Entrepreneur | 28 | 12 (42.9) | 3 | 2 (66.7) | 12 | 6 (50.0) | 5 | 3 (60.0) | |
| Other | 14 | 7 (50.0) | 38 | 27 (71.1) | 5 | 2 (40.0) | 5 | 3 (60.0) | |
| Governmental or non-governmental employment | 14 | 8 (57.1) | 52 | 39 (75.0) | 75 | 55 (73.3) | 10 | 9 (90.0) | |
| p-value | 0.214 | <0.001 | 0.052 | 0.230 | |||||
| Socioeconomic status | |||||||||
| Poor | 146 | 35 (24.0) | 103 | 13 (12.6) | 192 | 132 (68.8) | 8 | 3 (37.5) | |
| Average | 263 | 100 (38.0) | 318 | 149 (46.9) | 239 | 151 (63.2) | 40 | 21 (52.5) | |
| Rich | 43 | 23 (53.5) | 62 | 49 (79.0) | 62 | 38 (61.3) | 19 | 16 (84.2) | |
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.385 | 0.027 | |||||
| Household income in relation to the PMW | |||||||||
| <PMW | 427 | 140 (32.8) | 439 | 185 (42.1) | 422 | 264 (62.6) | 54 | 28 (51.9) | |
| ≥PMW | 25 | 18 (72.0) | 44 | 26 (59.1) | 71 | 57 (80.3) | 13 | 12 (92.3) | |
| p-value | <0.001 | 0.031 | 0.004 | 0.008 | |||||
| Family size (n) | |||||||||
| ≤4 | 187 | 74 (39.6) | 347 | 148 (42.7) | 235 | 143 (60.9) | 34 | 22 (64.7) | |
| >4 | 265 | 84 (31.7) | 136 | 63 (46.3) | 258 | 178 (69.0) | 33 | 18 (54.5) | |
| p-value | 0.084 | 0.464 | 0.058 | 0.397 | |||||
| Distance to the nearest health facilities (km) | |||||||||
| <1 | 164 | 55 (33.5) | 259 | 87 (33.6) | 132 | 104 (78.8) | 23 | 15 (65.2) | |
| 1-2 | 79 | 24 (30.4) | 145 | 86 (59.3) | 163 | 108 (65.9) | 13 | 7 (53.8) | |
| 2-3 | 54 | 20 (37.0) | 53 | 30 (56.6) | 87 | 56 (65.1) | 10 | 6 (60.0) | |
| ≥3 | 155 | 59 (38.1) | 26 | 8 (30.8) | 111 | 53 (47.7) | 21 | 12 (57.1) | |
| p-value | 0.652 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.911 | |||||
| The nearest health service | |||||||||
| Village health post | 32 | 4 (12.5) | 101 | 21 (20.8) | 164 | 103 (62.8) | 5 | 4 (80.0) | |
| Village maternity post | 128 | 57 (44.5) | 218 | 89 (40.8) | 16 | 10 (62.5) | 24 | 13 (54.2) | |
| Subsidiary PHC | 170 | 43 (25.3) | 53 | 29 (54.7) | 108 | 71 (65.7) | 7 | 4 (57.1) | |
| PHC | 122 | 54 (44.3) | 111 | 72 (64.9) | 205 | 137 (66.8) | 31 | 19 (61.3) | |
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.869 | 0.750 | |||||
Values are presented as number or number (%).
PMW, provincial minimum wage (in 2019: Indonesian rupiah 1 795 000 monthly); PHC, public health centre.