TABLE 3.
The effect of polyphenol active ingredients combined with carriers on OA cartilage repair.
| Research (author & year) | BDEs | Carrier | Gene expression | Cartilage repair effects | Other evaluations | Research conclusion | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inhibition | Promote | Imaging evaluations | Tissue sections | |||||
| Kang et al. (2020) | CUR | PEG | IL-1β, TNF-α | Col.II, ACAN, Sox9 | No mention | Smooth surface with structural integrity of cartilage, along with strong expression of proteoglycan, ACAN, and collagen, was observed by H&E, Masson's trichrome, Safranin-O, and ACAN staining | ACP micelles inhibit TNF-α and IL-1 β, significant protection of joint structure from arthritis | |
| Yeh et al. (2015) | CUR | SPC-liposome | TRAP, cathepsin K, NO, MMPs, COX-2 | OPG/RANKL | No mention | No mention | OPG/RANKL signaling pathway | CUR-loaded liposomes can inhibit macrophage inflammation and osteoclast differentiation, which may slow down the progression of OA |
| Crivelli et al. (2019) | CUR | SNPs | IL-6, RANTES, ROS, NO | No mention | No mention | FTIR, DSC, TGA, SEM | CUR and SFNs showed synergistic antioxidant effect | |
| Wang et al. (2019) | CUR | HA/cNP | MMPs, NF-κB | Col.II | Improved articular surface injury in OA rats by general observation via a microscope | The knee joint surface was smooth, and the cells were regularly arranged in OA rats by H&E staining, toluidine blue staining, Safranin-O Fast Green staining | UV assay; flow cytometry; western blot analysis | HA/cNP and CUR may suppress inflammation and chondrocyte apoptosis in KOA via repression of the NF-κB pathway |
| Ratanavaraporn et al. (2017) | CUR | Gel/SMs | IL-6 | Sign of OA was not observed in the treatment group via X-ray | Histologic and histochemical grading of articular joint and synovial tissue change of OA rats treated with CUR-loaded gel/SMs was significantly better than in other groups | Radiographic, histological examination | CUR gel/SMs have potential anti-inflammatory effect on OA joint in rats | |
| Jin. (2020) | EGCG | HA/gel | IL-1β, TNF-α, ADAMTS5, MMPs | Col.II, ACAN, Sox9 | No mention | In 5% HTG-E group, cartilage surface and thickness were completely intact, showing no signs of wear and tear | HTG hydrogel can promote the accumulation of ECM, and it has anti-inflammatory and cartilage protective ability after loading EGCG | |
| Zheng et al. (2019) | EGCG | EGC-NPs | IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α | The therapeutic effect of the EGC-NPs was significantly better than that of the EGCG-GA mixture and comparable to the antiarthritic effect of celecoxib by a radiographic evaluation and scoring system | Combined with EGCG, GA can effectively promote its antiarthritic effects | The anti-inflammatory effect of EGC-NPs was significantly higher than that of the EGCG-GA mixture | ||
| Zhu et al. (2020) | HON | ECM/PGDH | IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α | Col.I, Col.II, BV:TV, Tb.Th | In the group in which the defect was repaired with PEGDA/ECM/HON scaffold, the surfaces of the defect were smooth and the defect region displayed an intact tideline structure via micro-CT | The defects in the PEGDA/ECM/HON group were mostly filled with cartilage tissue positive for COL2, indicating regeneration of hyaline cartilage-like tissue | Scaffolds combined with HON promoted the regeneration of hyaline cartilage and subchondral bone | |
EE, Encapsulation efficiency; CFA, Complete Freund’s adjuvant; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; SNP, sodium nitroprusside; FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; Tb.Th, trabecular thickness; HA/cNP, HA/chitosan nanoparticles; gel/SMs, gelatin/Thai silk fibroin microspheres; HA/gel, HA/gelatin hybrid hydrogel; ECM/PGDH, 3D-printed ECM/polyethylene glycol diacrylate hydrogel; SNPs, silk fibroin nanoparticles; PEG, poly(ethylene glycol); HA, hyaluronic acid hydrogel; PC-NPs, poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocarriers; UV, ultraviolet; DSC, Differential scanning calorimetry; TGA/DSC 1, Simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; HTG, HA/gelatin; SPC, Soybean phosphatidylcholine; TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; HTG-E, EGCG-loaded HA/gelatin; EGC-NPs, EGCG-GA-Casein Nanoparticles.