DPEs in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts (where 1–3, 4, 5–7, 8, 9, [10,14], 11, 12, 13, [15,19], 16, 17, 18, 20, 21 and 22 represent the references [98], [133], [134], [84], [151], [145], [97], [119], [118], [126], [124], [123], [150], [65], [78], [121], respectively).*49, 43.50 and 35.50 are DPE values calculated for DBT, 4,6-DMDBT and BT, respectively, pertaining to reference [98]. **DPE values calculated for 4,6-DMDBT, DBT and BT pertaining to reference [134] are 26.31, 26.31 and 25.79, respectively. ***10.07 and 1.90 are DPE values calculated for Alberta Bitumen and Oil Sand, respectively, pertaining to reference [145]. ****0.92 and 0.42 are DPE values calculated for simulated fuel (2800 ppm S) and Kerosene (1370 ppm S), respectively, pertaining to reference [126].