Table 1.
Desulfurization results of low- and high-sulfur diesel fuels under different reaction conditions.
| Feed | Reaction conditions | Desulfurization yield |
|---|---|---|
| DBT in a hydrotreated petroleum product feedstock (containing 211 ppmw S) [170] | 15 mL glacial acetic acid, 10 mL 50% (v/v) H2O2, 9 min, 20 kHz, 750 W, 40% amplitude direct US, extraction with methanol, n = 3, Volume ratio (oil/solvent) = 1:1 | 95% |
| Diesel Oil A (136 ppm S), Diesel Oil B (319 ppm S), Diesel Oil C (249 ppm S)A and C: Deep hydrotreated sample B: Hydrotreated sample [171] | Mole ratio (H2O2 (50 wt%)/Glacial Acetic Acid/S) = 64:300:1, 90 °C, 9 min., 20 kHz, 40% amp. direct US, 750 W, extraction with methanol, n = 3, volume ratio (solvent/oil) = 0.36 | 75.8, 87.7 and 76.8%, respectively. |
| Hydrotreated petroleum product feedstock (211 ppmw S DBT) [172] | 2 mL glacial acetic acid, 0.25 mL 50 wt% H2O2, 90 °C, 9 min., 20 kHz, 40% amp. direct US, 750 W, extraction with methanol, n = 3, volume ratio (solvent/diesel oil) = 0.36 | 96% |
| Hydrotreated diesel feedstock (241 ppmw S and 161 ppmw N) [173] Reactor types: Sonitube, Emitting Plate, Multi-horn, Single horn | 80 °C, 80 min, Molar ratio (S + N): H2O2 35 wt%: glacial CH3COOH = 1:56:1114, direct US, followed by silica gel adsorption n = 3 | 99.7, 99.7, 98.6 and 99.95%, respectively. |
| 4000 ppmw S real diesel enhanced with DBT [174] | 14 mL 30% H2O2, 21 mL 99 wt% CH3COOH, 30 min, 70 °C, 80% amp., 20 kHz, 80 W direct US, extraction (mixing at 25 °C for 25 min.) with DMF, solvent ratio = 1 | 99.92% |
| Diesel Fuel (849 ppmw S and 445 ppmw –SH group (thiol)) [175] | H2O2 30 wt%/oil ratio = 4 wt%, acetic acid (30%)/diesel ratio = 1.50 wt%, 120 W, 37 kHz indirect US, 25 °C, 15 min. | 76% sulfur removal 79% thiol group conversion |
The desulfurization [172] decreases as the amount of nitrogen in the sample increases. (The sulfur removal at a molar ratio of S:N = 1:2 is approximately 75%.)