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. 2022 Jan 31;12:790203. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.790203

Table 2.

Multiple models of predictors of craving frequency and craving mean and maximal intensities.

Craving frequency
B SE χ2 Likelihood ratio P -value (FDRcor) Exp (B) Exp ( B ) 95% CI
Lower Upper
PTN (low vs. good) −0.262 0.06 19.65 <0.0001* 0.770 −0.387 −0.143
Current use (days) 0.022 <0.01 55.82 <0.0001* 1.022 0.016 0.030
Addiction criteria 0.073 0.02 14.72 <0.001* 1.076 0.036 0.111
Main addiction (vs. opiates) 17.45 0.004*
 Alcohol −0.133 0.05 7.60 0.006* 0.875 −0.228 −0.038
 Tobacco 0.003 0.08 <0.01 0.970 1.003 −0.148 0.152
 Cannabis −0.040 0.06 0.42 0.518 0.961 −0.162 0.080
 Stimulants 0.277 0.08 10.33 0.001* 1.319 0.110 0.440
Duration of regular use (years) 0.011 <0.01 6.60 0.018* 1.011 0.002 0.019
Age −0.005 <0.01 1.71 0.287 0.995 −0.012 0.002
Sex (male vs. female) −0.012 0.03 0.16 0.777 0.988 −0.073 0.049
Bachelor's degree (no vs. yes) −0.006 0.03 0.04 0.835 0.994 −0.061 0.049
Population (COSINUS vs. ADDICTAQUI) −0.040 0.06 0.42 0.661 0.961 −0.166 0.080
Craving mean intensity
B SE χ2 of Wald p -value (FDRcor) Exp (B) Exp ( B ) 95% CI
Lower Upper
PTN (low vs. good) −0.300 0.13 5.36 0.045* 0.741 −0.565 −0.038
Current use (days) 0.030 0.01 17.86 <0.001* 1.030 0.198 0.044
Addiction criteria 0.295 0.05 34.83 <0.0001* 1.343 0.198 0.393
Main addiction (vs. opiates) 14.25 0.018*
 Alcohol −0.147 0.12 1.42 0.233 0.863 −0.393 0.098
 Tobacco 0.233 0.21 1.29 0.257 1.262 −0.176 0.643
 Cannabis −0.315 0.16 3.65 0.056 0.730 −0.625 −0.005
 Stimulants 0.564 0.22 6.38 0.012* 1.758 0.127 1.001
Duration of regular use (years) 0.020 0.01 3.39 0.097 1.020 −0.001 0.041
Age −0.014 <0.01 2.09 0.189 0.986 −0.033 0.005
Sex (male vs. female) −0.111 0.08 1.86 0.193 0.895 −0.270 0.048
Bachelor's degree (no vs. yes) −0.026 0.07 0.12 0.725 0.974 −0.170 0.118
Population (COSINUS vs. ADDICTAQUI) −0.399 0.15 6.97 0.025* 0.671 −0.707 −0.092
Craving maximal intensity
B SE χ2 of Wald p -value (FDRcor) Exp (B) Exp ( B ) 95% CI
Lower Upper
PTN (low vs. good) −0.470 0.13 12.58 <0.001* 0.625 −0.730 −0.214
Current use (days) 0.027 <0.01 14.31 <0.001* 1.027 0.013 0.042
Addiction criteria 0.284 0.05 29.54 <0.0001* 1.328 0.181 0.387
Main addiction (vs. opiates) 7.18 0.201
 Alcohol −0.078 0.13 0.36 0.550 0.925 −0.336 0.181
 Tobacco 0.004 0.22 0.00 0.985 1.004 −0.418 0.043
 Cannabis −0.240 0.17 1.93 0.165 0.787 −0.569 0.090
 Stimulants 0.543 0.24 5.17 0.023* 1.721 0.086 1.012
Duration of regular use (years) 0.024 0.11 4.51 0.074 1.024 0.002 0.046
Age −0.012 0.01 1.43 0.337 0.988 −0.032 0.008
Sex (male vs. female) −0.081 0.09 0.89 0.445 0.922 −0.249 0.087
Bachelor's degree (no vs. yes) 0.007 0.08 0.01 0.926 1.007 −0.145 0.159
Population (COSINUS vs. ADDICTAQUI) −0.110 0.16 0.49 0.544 0.896 −0.417 0.200

Multiple regression models: generalized linear regression model of Poisson (frequency) and ordinal logistic regressions (intensities), fixed factors: age, sex, bachelor's degree, addiction criteria, main addiction, population. Statistics: Craving frequency: n = 620; R2 adjust. = 0.183; χ2 Likelihood ratio = 142.98; df = 12; log-likelihood (difference) = 71.49; AICc = 1082.94; overdispersion = 8.26; p (model) <0.0001; Pearson adjustment (χ2) = 5012.88; p (Pearson adjust.) = < 0.0001. Craving mean intensity: n = 620; R2 (U) = 0.04; χ2 = 97.58; df = 12; log-likelihood (difference) = 48.79; AICc = 2635.34; BIC = 2731.1; p < 0.0001. Craving maximal intensity: n = 622; R2 (U) = 0.04; χ2 = 85.84; df = 12; log-likelihood (difference) = 42.92; AICc = 2097; BIC = 2192.83; p < 0.0001. FDR, false discovery rate; B, estimate association parameter; Exp, exponential. Only p-values for substances are uncorrected. Significant comparisons were marked using*; significance level: p < 0.05. Main addiction: opiate group is used as reference for analyses.