Table 3.
Substance use PRS associations with brain imaging traits in the ABCD study
| PRS phenotype and threshold | Neuroimaging trait | beta | se | P | rsq |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age of smoking initiation P < 5 × 10–8 | ICV | 234858.981 | 140317.946 | 0.0942175 | 0.00027157 |
| Age of smoking initiation P < 5 × 10–5 | ICV | 47480.4985 | 21525.4542 | 0.02742835 | 0.00047153 |
| Age of smoking initiation P < 0.001 | ICV | 362.899012 | 4812.83657 | 0.93989656 | 5.51E-07 |
| Age of smoking initiation P < 0.01 | ICV | 913.671368 | 2128.03885 | 0.66768118 | 1.79E-05 |
| Age of smoking initiation P < 0.05 | ICV | 0.84520238 | 1343.31729 | 0.99949799 | 3.84E-11 |
| Age of smoking initiation P < 0.10 | ICV | 254.083657 | 1133.04516 | 0.82256987 | 4.88E-06 |
| Age of smoking initiation P < 0.50 | ICV | 148.33005 | 873.235382 | 0.86512261 | 2.80E-06 |
| Age of smoking initiation P < 1 | ICV | 258.738116 | 861.626692 | 0.7639638 | 8.74E-06 |
| Lifetime cannabis use P < 5 × 10–8 | Insula SA | 37.4306302 | 26.6738751 | 0.1605766 | 0.00020745 |
| Lifetime cannabis use P < 5 × 10–5 | Insula SA | 5.65217963 | 12.7767595 | 0.65822678 | 2.06E-05 |
| Lifetime cannabis use P < 0.001 | Insula SA | 1.01071199 | 3.12938501 | 0.74672316 | 1.10E-05 |
| Lifetime cannabis use P < 0.01 | Insula SA | 1.06632932 | 1.43571811 | 0.45767678 | 5.81E-05 |
| Lifetime cannabis use P < 0.05 | Insula SA | −0.3878843 | 0.82967746 | 0.64014661 | 2.30E-05 |
| Lifetime cannabis use P < 0.10 | Insula SA | 0.14259272 | 0.71478884 | 0.84188525 | 4.19E-06 |
| Lifetime cannabis use P < 0.50 | Insula SA | 0.11972915 | 0.55560989 | 0.82938989 | 4.89E-06 |
| Lifetime cannabis use P < 1 | Insula SA | 0.17710138 | 0.54598012 | 0.74566418 | 1.11E-05 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 5 × 10–8 | Postcentral gyrus SA | 314.0491 | 241.34794 | 0.19321851 | 0.00018698 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 5 × 10–5 | Postcentral gyrus SA | 242.191884 | 157.208433 | 0.12346028 | 0.00026207 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 0.001 | Postcentral gyrus SA | 122.137472 | 76.1193971 | 0.10863333 | 0.00028428 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 0.01 | Postcentral gyrus SA | 94.2982005 | 46.2256129 | 0.04138856 | 0.0004594 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 0.05 | Postcentral gyrus SA | 90.5536151 | 32.4186689 | 0.00523085 | 0.00086092 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 0.10 | Postcentral gyrus SA | 83.2904156 | 28.6206291 | 0.00362279 | 0.00093441 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 0.50 | Postcentral gyrus SA | 68.464345 | 24.0737467 | 0.00446757 | 0.00089242 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 1 | Postcentral gyrus SA | 69.2765934 | 23.7780433 | 0.00358458 | 0.00093653 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 5 × 10–8 | Cortical SA | 9124.44994 | 7610.78436 | 0.23060957 | 0.00014092 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 5 × 10–5 | Cortical SA | 7455.72118 | 4957.00023 | 0.13260169 | 0.00022178 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 0.001 | Cortical SA | 3792.39809 | 2400.82514 | 0.11423406 | 0.00024461 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 0.01 | Cortical SA | 4060.76871 | 1457.95714 | 0.0053617 | 0.00075999 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 0.05 | Cortical SA | 3152.539 | 1022.41403 | 0.0020535 | 0.00093121 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 0.10 | Cortical SA | 2884.8708 | 902.673758 | 0.00139946 | 0.00100031 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 0.50 | Cortical SA | 2060.42849 | 759.34238 | 0.00667361 | 0.00072134 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 1 | Cortical SA | 2053.69802 | 750.018751 | 0.00619183 | 0.00073455 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 5 × 10–8 | Cortical thickness | 0.04544648 | 0.05265596 | 0.3881184 | 9.23E-05 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 5 × 10–5 | Cortical thickness | 0.05690662 | 0.0342854 | 0.09699681 | 0.0003413 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 0.001 | Cortical thickness | −0.0013141 | 0.01660991 | 0.93694271 | 7.76E-07 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 0.01 | Cortical thickness | −0.0050523 | 0.01009038 | 0.61659566 | 3.11E-05 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 0.05 | Cortical thickness | −0.0043889 | 0.00707866 | 0.53526241 | 4.76E-05 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 0.10 | Cortical thickness | −0.0049285 | 0.00624998 | 0.43038693 | 7.71E-05 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 0.50 | Cortical thickness | −0.003584 | 0.00525614 | 0.49533922 | 5.76E-05 |
| Alcohol (drinks per week) P < 1 | Cortical thickness | −0.0045353 | 0.0051915 | 0.38236757 | 9.46E-05 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 5 × 10–8 | ICV | −1978.042 | 5072.99229 | 0.69660919 | 1.47E-05 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 5 × 10–5 | ICV | −3458.9854 | 3759.51187 | 0.35756877 | 8.21E-05 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.001 | ICV | −4331.9386 | 2443.59965 | 0.07630616 | 0.00030464 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.01 | ICV | −4509.9739 | 1860.97659 | 0.01539681 | 0.0005691 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.05 | ICV | −3515.4547 | 1528.28333 | 0.02145969 | 0.00051276 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.10 | ICV | −4043.4712 | 1416.89768 | 0.0043321 | 0.00078891 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.50 | ICV | −3683.6723 | 1277.07865 | 0.00393175 | 0.00080596 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 1 | ICV | −3629.1407 | 1270.23747 | 0.00428726 | 0.00079074 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 5 × 10–8 | Inferior temporal gyrus SA | −8.4774256 | 16.8143476 | 0.61415056 | 2.76E-05 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 5 × 10–5 | Inferior temporal gyrus SA | −11.001419 | 12.4625704 | 0.37739505 | 8.45E-05 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.001 | Inferior temporal gyrus SA | −17.476902 | 8.09826778 | 0.03095036 | 0.00050474 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.01 | Inferior temporal gyrus SA | −17.940266 | 6.16611144 | 0.00363043 | 0.00091696 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.05 | Inferior temporal gyrus SA | −7.9418555 | 5.06553519 | 0.11696357 | 0.00026647 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.10 | Inferior temporal gyrus SA | −7.802245 | 4.69788283 | 0.09679399 | 0.000299 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.50 | Inferior temporal gyrus SA | −6.3497341 | 4.23451398 | 0.13377975 | 0.00024376 |
| Ever Regularly Smoked P < 1 | Inferior temporal gyrus SA | −6.3576148 | 4.21178636 | 0.13121644 | 0.00024701 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 5 × 10–8 | Precuneus SA | −6.668509 | 18.5119273 | 0.71868667 | 1.39E-05 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 5 × 10–5 | Precuneus SA | −8.3536585 | 13.7222474 | 0.54269637 | 3.96E-05 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.001 | Precuneus SA | −10.0019 | 8.91705899 | 0.26204213 | 0.00013444 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.01 | Precuneus SA | −10.59728 | 6.79150769 | 0.11871272 | 0.00026014 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.05 | Precuneus SA | −3.1817718 | 5.5778535 | 0.56840299 | 3.48E-05 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.10 | Precuneus SA | −2.7015228 | 5.17231723 | 0.60147349 | 2.92E-05 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.50 | Precuneus SA | −2.1866766 | 4.66179669 | 0.63903775 | 2.35E-05 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 1 | Precuneus SA | −2.1720255 | 4.63682002 | 0.6394903 | 2.35E-05 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 5 × 10–8 | Cortical thickness | −0.0026998 | 0.00424612 | 0.52491442 | 5.01E-05 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 5 × 10–5 | Cortical thickness | −0.000504 | 0.00314707 | 0.87277414 | 3.18E-06 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.001 | Cortical thickness | 0.0001948 | 0.00204637 | 0.92416299 | 1.12E-06 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.01 | Cortical thickness | −0.0009318 | 0.00155876 | 0.55002245 | 4.43E-05 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.05 | Cortical thickness | −0.0024819 | 0.00127979 | 0.0525028 | 0.00046586 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.10 | Cortical thickness | −0.0021716 | 0.00118668 | 0.06729459 | 0.00041484 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 0.50 | Cortical thickness | −0.0018017 | 0.00106948 | 0.09208759 | 0.00035161 |
| Ever regularly smoked P < 1 | Cortical thickness | −0.0018479 | 0.00106367 | 0.08236926 | 0.00037392 |
| Common SUB factor P < 5 × 10–8 | Inferior temporal gyrus SA | −285.23808 | 271.72387 | 0.29387263 | 0.00011948 |
| Common SUB factor P < 5 × 10–5 | Inferior temporal gyrus SA | −245.08906 | 168.354548 | 0.14549085 | 0.00022976 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.001 | Inferior temporal gyrus SA | −106.53498 | 101.973457 | 0.2961792 | 0.00011834 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.01 | Inferior temporal gyrus SA | 10.6785604 | 73.5891492 | 0.88462738 | 2.28E-06 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.05 | Inferior temporal gyrus SA | −18.147942 | 58.4265476 | 0.75610453 | 1.05E-05 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.10 | Inferior temporal gyrus SA | −30.149333 | 53.3313944 | 0.5718721 | 3.47E-05 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.50 | Inferior temporal gyrus SA | −41.969645 | 47.3527678 | 0.37547328 | 8.52E-05 |
| Common SUB factor P < 1 | Inferior temporal gyrus SA | −32.905934 | 47.1182847 | 0.48496759 | 5.29E-05 |
| Common SUB factor P < 5 × 10–8 | Precuneus SA | −380.97908 | 299.149805 | 0.20286484 | 0.00017331 |
| Common SUB factor P < 5 × 10–5 | Precuneus SA | −133.06232 | 185.367588 | 0.47288403 | 5.51E-05 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.001 | Precuneus SA | 20.2493511 | 112.278233 | 0.85688271 | 3.48E-06 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.01 | Precuneus SA | 135.433412 | 80.9894219 | 0.09451816 | 0.00029876 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.05 | Precuneus SA | 144.306263 | 64.2938244 | 0.02482955 | 0.00053806 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.10 | Precuneus SA | 134.479338 | 58.6958016 | 0.02198295 | 0.00056064 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.50 | Precuneus SA | 90.548278 | 52.1227025 | 0.08238913 | 0.00032242 |
| Common SUB factor P < 1 | Precuneus SA | 92.6382002 | 51.8617832 | 0.07409755 | 0.00034087 |
| Common SUB factor P < 5 × 10–8 | Pericalcarine SA | −106.33581 | 136.11675 | 0.43470263 | 7.47E-05 |
| Common SUB factor P < 5 × 10–5 | Pericalcarine SA | −83.22776 | 84.3292338 | 0.32370361 | 0.00011924 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.001 | Pericalcarine SA | −72.053948 | 51.0860628 | 0.15844919 | 0.0002435 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.01 | Pericalcarine SA | −28.6623 | 36.8530616 | 0.43674282 | 7.41E-05 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.05 | Pericalcarine SA | −46.868987 | 29.2560626 | 0.10919047 | 0.00031412 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.10 | Pericalcarine SA | −49.474937 | 26.7060453 | 0.06398133 | 0.00042002 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.50 | Pericalcarine SA | −57.746032 | 23.7081432 | 0.01488518 | 0.00072581 |
| Common SUB factor P < 1 | Pericalcarine SA | −56.845659 | 23.5901382 | 0.01598784 | 0.00071042 |
| Common SUB factor P < 5 × 10–8 | Cortical thickness | −0.108783 | 0.06862599 | 0.11297138 | 0.00031131 |
| Common SUB factor P < 5 × 10–5 | Cortical thickness | −0.0286126 | 0.04253268 | 0.50114585 | 5.61E-05 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.001 | Cortical thickness | −0.0035863 | 0.02575566 | 0.88926085 | 2.40E-06 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.01 | Cortical thickness | −0.0247286 | 0.01858003 | 0.18325307 | 0.00021948 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.05 | Cortical thickness | −0.022517 | 0.0147516 | 0.12694879 | 0.00028866 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.10 | Cortical thickness | −0.0228674 | 0.01346731 | 0.08954865 | 0.00035719 |
| Common SUB factor P < 0.50 | Cortical thickness | −0.021622 | 0.01195656 | 0.07058626 | 0.00040511 |
| Common SUB factor P < 1 | Cortical thickness | −0.0221886 | 0.01189683 | 0.06220768 | 0.00043091 |
Note: ICV = intracranial volume; SUB = substance use behavior; SA = surface area.