Figure 2.

Effects of ATRA on the gene expressions of inflammatory cytokines in TGEV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. The cells were mock-infected or infected with TGEV (1 MOI) for 1 h, followed by incubation with various concentrations of ATRA (0, 1, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 μM) for 36 h Total RNA was extracted from cells and the mRNA abundance of IL-1β (A), IL‐6 (B), IL‐8 (C), TNF‐α (D) and IL-10 (E) were analyzed by real‐time PCR. Data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 4). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001.