Figure 3.

Effects of ATRA on the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in TGEV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. (A–E) The cells were mock-infected or infected with TGEV (1 MOI) for 1 h, followed by incubation with or without 80 μM ATRA for 36 h. (F) The cells were mock-infected or infected with UV-inactivated TGEV (1 MOI) for 1 h, followed by incubation without ATRA for 36 h. The concentrations of IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, TNF‐α and IL-10 in IPEC-J2 cells culture medium were measured by ELISA. Data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 4). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001.